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PSY205 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Current Psychology Definition

A

scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental process

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2
Q

Early Psychology Definition

A

“study of the mind,” merged from philosophy and physiology

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3
Q

Types of Professional Psychology

A
  • experimental
  • clinical
  • counseling
  • school
  • industrial
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4
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founder of psychology, established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879

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5
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

American, brought psychology to America

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6
Q

Structuralism

A

Analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related

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7
Q

Edward Tichener

A

Structuralist movement, method of introspection

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8
Q

Functionalism

A

Investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure

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9
Q

William James

A

Led the functionalist movement, applied natural selection to human consciousness

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10
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Developed Hierarchy of Needs using the humanistic approach

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11
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Focused on unconscious determinants of behavior, Proposed that behavior is influenced by how people cope with sexual urges

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12
Q

John Watson

A

Founder of Behaviorism

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13
Q

Behavioralism

A

Scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

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14
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Fundamental principle, asserted that all behavior is governed by external stimuli (free will is an illusion)

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15
Q

Humanism

A

Emphasizes human rather than divine or supernatural explanations
Humans will fulfill their potential if given opportunities

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16
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Focuses on examining mental processes such as memory, language, and decision-making

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17
Q

Social Psychology

A

Influenced by WWII, effort to understand racism, genocide, mass persuasion of people…

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18
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive values

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19
Q

Positive Psychology

A

the scientific study of the strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive

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20
Q

Psychiatry

A

DIFFERENT; branch of medicine dealing with psychological disturbances

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21
Q

Experimental Psychology

A

Profession: laboratory research instead of applied settings

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22
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Profession: evaluating and treating psychological disorders

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23
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

Profession: treats less severe issues using various therapeutic techniques

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24
Q

School Psychology

A

Profession: improving educational curriculum examination

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25
Q

Industrial Psychology

A

Profession: associated with businesses (i.e. human resources)

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26
Q

Two Great Assumptions in Science

A

Positivism and Empiricism

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27
Q

Positivism

A

Truth exists and we can know it

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28
Q

Four Ways to Gain Knowledge

A

Intuition
Logic
Authority
Observation

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29
Q

Empiricism

A

an approach to understanding the world that involves collecting data or making observations

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30
Q

Research Methods

A
  1. Experiments
  2. Non-experimental methods
    • Naturalistic Observation
    • Participant Observation
    • Correlation design
    • Case studies
    • Participant observation
    • Survey
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31
Q

Hypothesis

A

a tentative statement about the relationship between 2+ variables

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32
Q

Theory

A

A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations

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33
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable manipulated by the experimenter

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34
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable thought to be affected by the manipulation of the IV

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35
Q

Operational definition

A

describes the actions/operations used to measure or control a variable

36
Q

Strengths and Weaknesses of Empirical Approach

A

2

37
Q

Experimental group

A

consists of subjects receiving some treatment in regards to the IV

38
Q

Control group

A

similar subjects who receive no treatment that was given to the experimental group

39
Q

Sampling Bias

A

exists when a sample is not representative of the population for which it was drawn

40
Q

Correlation

A

exists when 2 variables are related to each other

41
Q

Random assignment

A

occurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group in a study

42
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

any variables other than the IV that seem likely to influence the study

43
Q

Experimenter bias

A

occurs when a researcher’s expectations/preference about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

44
Q

Placebo effects

A

occurs when participants’ expectations lead them to experience some change even though they did not receive actual treatment
solved through double blind study

45
Q

Surveys

A

series of questionnaires for large populations background, beliefs, behaviors, etc.

46
Q

Case studies

A

in depth investigation of an individual subject

47
Q

Biological Psychology

A

the study of the connection between biology & behavior

48
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that receive, integrate, & transmit info

49
Q

Structure of Neuron

A

Dendrites — Soma — Axon — Myelin Sheath — terminal buttons — synapse

50
Q

Sensory neurons

A

afferent

carry messages from sense organs to spinal cord or brain

51
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry messages from spinal cord or brain to muscles and glands

52
Q

Mirror neurons

A

brain mirrors the movement it sees, type of neuron that serves as a mechanism for empathy

53
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that transmit info from one neuron to another

54
Q

Serotonin

A

NT, affects sleep, mood, hunger
Low: depression
High: OCD

55
Q

Synapse

A

where NT are released

56
Q

Axon

A

part of the neuron that transmits info

57
Q

Dendrite

A

part of the neuron that receives info

58
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

insulates the axon and speeds up neural transmission

59
Q

Endorphins

A

NT, pain relief & response to stress, pleasure

“morphine within”

60
Q

Dopamine

A

NT, pleasurable emotions and voluntary movement
Low: Parkinson’s
High: Schizophrenia
(risk taking)

61
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

NT, released by motor neurons that enables voluntary movement

62
Q

Norepinephrine

A

NT, arousal and mood

Low: ADHD, depression

63
Q

Oxytocin

A

NT, love hormone that acts like a NT in the brain

64
Q

Agonist

A

Chemical that mimics neurotransmitter

opiates mimic endorphins

65
Q

Antagonist

A

Chemical that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter

sleep paralysis

66
Q

Reuptake Inhibitors

A

Chemical that binds to the terminal buttons to prevent reuptake

67
Q

Glia

A

the brain support cells

68
Q

cognition

A

mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

69
Q

terminal buttons

A

small knobs that secrete chemicals called NT

70
Q

synapse

A

junction where info is transmitted from one neuron to another

71
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres , ultimate control and info processing center

72
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Reasoning, thinking, problem solving, parts of speech, motor control, sense of smell

73
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Speech production, located in frontal lobe

74
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Processing auditory info, important for processing of semantics in speech

75
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

compression of language, located in left temporal lobe

76
Q

Occipital lobe

A

processes visual info, damage to the primary cortex can cause blindness

77
Q

Parietal lobe

A

processes somatosensory info (pain & sensation)

spatial sense & navigation (distinguishing left from right)

78
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain,” coordination, equilibrium, balance, posture

79
Q

Limbic System

A

network of structures involved in regulating emotions

80
Q

Hypothalamus

A

part of the limbic system that regulates the body’s basic biological drives (hunger, fight/flight, sex)

81
Q

Amygdala

A

identify emotion from facial expressions

82
Q

all or none law

A

neural impulse either fires all or none of their action potentials

83
Q

resting potential

A

neuron in its stable, negative charge when cell is inactive

84
Q

action potential

A

brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels along the axon

85
Q

absolute refractory period

A

minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin

86
Q

naturalistic observation

A

when a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with subjects

PSY205 (10 decks)

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