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PSY205 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Current Psychology Definition

A

scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental process

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2
Q

Early Psychology Definition

A

“study of the mind,” merged from philosophy and physiology

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3
Q

Types of Professional Psychology

A
  • experimental
  • clinical
  • counseling
  • school
  • industrial
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4
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founder of psychology, established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879

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5
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

American, brought psychology to America

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6
Q

Structuralism

A

Analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related

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7
Q

Edward Tichener

A

Structuralist movement, method of introspection

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8
Q

Functionalism

A

Investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure

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9
Q

William James

A

Led the functionalist movement, applied natural selection to human consciousness

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10
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Developed Hierarchy of Needs using the humanistic approach

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11
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Focused on unconscious determinants of behavior, Proposed that behavior is influenced by how people cope with sexual urges

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12
Q

John Watson

A

Founder of Behaviorism

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13
Q

Behavioralism

A

Scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

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14
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Fundamental principle, asserted that all behavior is governed by external stimuli (free will is an illusion)

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15
Q

Humanism

A

Emphasizes human rather than divine or supernatural explanations
Humans will fulfill their potential if given opportunities

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16
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Focuses on examining mental processes such as memory, language, and decision-making

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17
Q

Social Psychology

A

Influenced by WWII, effort to understand racism, genocide, mass persuasion of people…

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18
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive values

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19
Q

Positive Psychology

A

the scientific study of the strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive

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20
Q

Psychiatry

A

DIFFERENT; branch of medicine dealing with psychological disturbances

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21
Q

Experimental Psychology

A

Profession: laboratory research instead of applied settings

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22
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Profession: evaluating and treating psychological disorders

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23
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

Profession: treats less severe issues using various therapeutic techniques

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24
Q

School Psychology

A

Profession: improving educational curriculum examination

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25
Industrial Psychology
Profession: associated with businesses (i.e. human resources)
26
Two Great Assumptions in Science
Positivism and Empiricism
27
Positivism
Truth exists and we can know it
28
Four Ways to Gain Knowledge
Intuition Logic Authority Observation
29
Empiricism
an approach to understanding the world that involves collecting data or making observations
30
Research Methods
1. Experiments 2. Non-experimental methods - Naturalistic Observation - Participant Observation - Correlation design - Case studies - Participant observation - Survey
31
Hypothesis
a tentative statement about the relationship between 2+ variables
32
Theory
A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
33
Independent Variable
The variable manipulated by the experimenter
34
Dependent Variable
The variable thought to be affected by the manipulation of the IV
35
Operational definition
describes the actions/operations used to measure or control a variable
36
Strengths and Weaknesses of Empirical Approach
2
37
Experimental group
consists of subjects receiving some treatment in regards to the IV
38
Control group
similar subjects who receive no treatment that was given to the experimental group
39
Sampling Bias
exists when a sample is not representative of the population for which it was drawn
40
Correlation
exists when 2 variables are related to each other
41
Random assignment
occurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group in a study
42
Extraneous Variables
any variables other than the IV that seem likely to influence the study
43
Experimenter bias
occurs when a researcher's expectations/preference about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
44
Placebo effects
occurs when participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they did not receive actual treatment solved through double blind study
45
Surveys
series of questionnaires for large populations background, beliefs, behaviors, etc.
46
Case studies
in depth investigation of an individual subject
47
Biological Psychology
the study of the connection between biology & behavior
48
Neurons
nerve cells that receive, integrate, & transmit info
49
Structure of Neuron
Dendrites --- Soma --- Axon --- Myelin Sheath --- terminal buttons --- synapse
50
Sensory neurons
afferent | carry messages from sense organs to spinal cord or brain
51
Motor neurons
Carry messages from spinal cord or brain to muscles and glands
52
Mirror neurons
brain mirrors the movement it sees, type of neuron that serves as a mechanism for empathy
53
Neurotransmitters
chemicals that transmit info from one neuron to another
54
Serotonin
NT, affects sleep, mood, hunger Low: depression High: OCD
55
Synapse
where NT are released
56
Axon
part of the neuron that transmits info
57
Dendrite
part of the neuron that receives info
58
Myelin Sheath
insulates the axon and speeds up neural transmission
59
Endorphins
NT, pain relief & response to stress, pleasure | "morphine within"
60
Dopamine
NT, pleasurable emotions and voluntary movement Low: Parkinson's High: Schizophrenia (risk taking)
61
Acetylcholine (ACh)
NT, released by motor neurons that enables voluntary movement
62
Norepinephrine
NT, arousal and mood | Low: ADHD, depression
63
Oxytocin
NT, love hormone that acts like a NT in the brain
64
Agonist
Chemical that mimics neurotransmitter | opiates mimic endorphins
65
Antagonist
Chemical that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter | sleep paralysis
66
Reuptake Inhibitors
Chemical that binds to the terminal buttons to prevent reuptake
67
Glia
the brain support cells
68
cognition
mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
69
terminal buttons
small knobs that secrete chemicals called NT
70
synapse
junction where info is transmitted from one neuron to another
71
Cerebral Cortex
intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres , ultimate control and info processing center
72
Frontal Lobe
Reasoning, thinking, problem solving, parts of speech, motor control, sense of smell
73
Broca's Area
Speech production, located in frontal lobe
74
Temporal Lobe
Processing auditory info, important for processing of semantics in speech
75
Wernicke's Area
compression of language, located in left temporal lobe
76
Occipital lobe
processes visual info, damage to the primary cortex can cause blindness
77
Parietal lobe
processes somatosensory info (pain & sensation) | spatial sense & navigation (distinguishing left from right)
78
Cerebellum
"little brain," coordination, equilibrium, balance, posture
79
Limbic System
network of structures involved in regulating emotions
80
Hypothalamus
part of the limbic system that regulates the body’s basic biological drives (hunger, fight/flight, sex)
81
Amygdala
identify emotion from facial expressions
82
all or none law
neural impulse either fires all or none of their action potentials
83
resting potential
neuron in its stable, negative charge when cell is inactive
84
action potential
brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along the axon
85
absolute refractory period
minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin
86
naturalistic observation
when a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with subjects

PSY205 (10 decks)

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