Chapter 6 Flashcards
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that evokes any natural response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, come to invoke a conditioned response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Taste Aversion
Adaption to the environment (survival method)
- bad experience with drinking
Conditioned emotional responses
Little Albert Study
Experiment by John Watson
Associating anything similar with the fear of white rats
Acquisition
the initial stage of learning a new response tendency
Extinction
Gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
Spontaneous Recovery
Re-emergence of previously extinguished CR
Stimulus Generalization
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to the new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does NOT respond in the same way to the new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Operant conditioning
a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
Skinner Box
small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled
Reinforcement
occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response
Punishment
when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
cumulative recorder
creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner Box as a function of time
shaping
the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
primary reinforcers
events that are inherently reinforcing because the satisfy biological needs
secondary reinforcers
events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
positive reinforcement
when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
negative reinforcement
when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
negative punishment
Jason made fun of his sister at the dinner table. As a result, his parents said he could not watch TV the rest of the week. Jason’s parents are using…
continous reinforcement
occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
intermittent reinforcement
occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
