Chapter 10

Question 1

germinal stage

Answer 1

1st phase of prenatal development (0-2 weeks)

Question 2

embryonic stage

Answer 2

2nd stage of prenatal development (3-8 weeks)

Question 3

fetal stage

Answer 3

3rd stage of prenatal development (9-birth)

Question 4

threshold/age of viability

Answer 4

23-25 weeks

Question 5

environmental factors that influence fetal development

Answer 5

• nutrition
• maternal stress
• drugs and alcohol

Question 6

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 6

caused by women drinking while pregnant (7.6% do)

Question 7

motor development

Answer 7

progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Question 8

attachment

Answer 8

close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers

Question 9

separation anxiety

Answer 9

emotional distress seen i infants when they are separated from their primary caregiver

Question 10

evolutionary theory of attachment

Answer 10

John Bowlby, Proximity to caregiver means survival

Question 11

Behaviorist theory of attachment

Answer 11

mothers are associated with the reinforcing event of being fed

Question 12

social/emotional theory of attachment

Answer 12

Harry Harlow’s research (monkey clung to cloth, non-feeding mother)

Question 13

The Strange Situation

Answer 13

Mary Ainsworth, baby’s reaction when primary caregiver vs. stranger confronts them

Question 14

reactive attachment disorder

Answer 14

failure to form normal attachments

Question 15

piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 15

children’s thought processes go through 4 major stages

Question 16

1) sensorimotor

Answer 16

(birth-2 years)

thinking by using senses, object permanence develops

Question 17

object permanence

Answer 17

develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

Question 18

2) preoperational

Answer 18

(2-6 years)

limited logic, have not mastered the principle of conservation

Question 19

conservation

Answer 19

amount of an object (2 different shape glasses)

Question 20

centration

Answer 20

tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects

Question 21

egocentrism

Answer 21

a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint

Question 22

animism

Answer 22

the belief that all things are living

Question 23

3) concrete operational

Answer 23

(7-11 years)

begin to think logically about concrete words, have difficulty understanding abstract concepts

Question 24

4) formal operational

Answer 24

(11+ years)

ability to understand hypothetical possibilities, systematic, logical, reflective

Question 25

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Answer 25

children acquire most of their cognitive skills through private speech

Question 26

Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral development

Answer 26

explains how youngsters develop a sense of right and wrong (3 stages)

Question 27

Pre-conventional

Answer 27

1) Punishment orientation

2) Naive reward orientation

Question 28

conventional

Answer 28

3) Good boy/girl orientation

4) Authority orientation

Question 29

post-conventional

Answer 29

5) social contract orientation

6) individual principles and conscience orientation

Question 30

maturation

Answer 30

development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint