Chapter 11

Question 1

Factor analysis

Answer 1

correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables

Question 2

Five-Factor model

Answer 2

• Neuroticism
• Openness
• Extraversion
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness

Question 3

Freud’s Structure of personality

Answer 3

Id (Pleasure principle)
Superego (Moral principle)
Ego (Reality principle)

Question 4

Defense mechanisms

Answer 4

largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions

Question 5

Psychosexual stages

Answer 5

the developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leaves their mark on adult personality

Question 6

Jung’s Analytic Psychology

Answer 6

each person has conscious and unconscious levels of awareness. Proposed the entire human race shares a collective unconscious

Question 7

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 7

explains personality by focusing on the influence of early childhood experiences, conscious conflicts, and sexual urges

Question 8

Archetypes

Answer 8

emotionally charged images and thought goths that have universal meaning

Question 9

collective unconscious

Answer 9

a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past

Question 10

Adler’s individual psychology

Answer 10

human motivation is a striving for superiority

Question 11

Compensation

Answer 11

involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities

Question 12

The importance of birth order

Answer 12

Alfred Adler proposed that birth order influences our personality

Question 13

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 13

Personality largely as a learning process, focused on behavior, characterisitic behavior patterns shaped by the models we are exposed to
(Behavioral)

Question 14

Eysenck’s theory

Answer 14

Personality is shaped by our genes, nature determines the extent to which personality might be influenced by nurture
(Biological)

Question 15

Personality

Answer 15

Your unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits

Question 16

Neuroticism

Answer 16

Anxious, hostile, insecure, vulnerable

Question 17

Openness

Answer 17

Curious, flexible, creative, unconventional

Question 18

Extraversion

Answer 18

Outgoing, social, friendly, assertive

Question 19

Agreeableness

Answer 19

Sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest

Question 20

Conscientiousness

Answer 20

Diligent, well-organized, dependable

Question 21

Repression

Answer 21

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
ex: A traumatized soldier has no recollection of the details of a close brush with death

Question 22

Projection

Answer 22

Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
ex: A woman who dislikes her boss thinks she likes her boss but feels that the boss doesn’t like her

Question 23

Displacement

Answer 23

Diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target
ex: After a parental scolding, a young girl takes her anger out on her little brother

Question 24

Reaction formation

Answer 24

Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings
ex: A parent who unconsciously resents a child spoils the child with outlandish gifts

Question 25

Regression

Answer 25

A reversion to immature patterns of behavior

ex: An adult has a temper tantrum when he doesn’t get his way

Question 26

Identification

Answer 26

Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
ex: A student watches TV instead of studying, saying that “additional study wouldn’t do any good anyway”

Question 27

Rationalization

Answer 27

Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
ex: An insecure young man joins a fraternity to boost his self esteem

Question 28

Oral Stage

Answer 28

0-1
Erotic Focus: Mouth (sucking, biting)
Key Tasks: Weaning (from breast or bottle)

Question 29

Anal Stage

Answer 29

2-3
Erotic Focus: Anus (expelling/retaining feces)
Key Tasks: Toilet training

Question 30

Phallic Stage

Answer 30

4-5
Erotic Focus: Genitals (masturbating)
Key Tasks: Identifying with adult role models

Question 31

Latency Stage

Answer 31

6-12
Erotic Focus: None (sexually repressed)
Key Tasks: Expanding social contacts

Question 32

Genital Stage

Answer 32

Puberty Onward
Erotic Focus: Genitals (being sexually intimate)
Key Tasks: Establishing intimate relationships, contributing to society through working

Question 33

observational learnings

Answer 33

occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others

Question 34

models

Answer 34

a person whose behavior is observed by another

Question 35

self-efficacy

Answer 35

one’s belief about their own ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

Question 36

Conscious

Answer 36

consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular time

Question 37

Preconscious

Answer 37

contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved

Question 38

Unconscious

Answer 38

contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness

Question 39

fixation

Answer 39

involves a failure to move forward from one stage to another

Question 40

Skinner’s perspective on personality

Answer 40

Personality is influenced by external factors only, personality development is a product of operant conditioning
(Behavioral)

Question 41

Walter Mischel’s ideas about personality

Answer 41

people make responses they think will lead reinforcement in the situation at hand

Question 42

Roger’s perspective on personality

Answer 42

Person-Centered theory, person subjectively creates their self concept (belief about one’s own nature)
(Humanistic)

Question 43

Maslow’s perspective on personality

Answer 43

Theory of Self-Actualization, motives are organized by a hierarchy of needs
(Humanistic)