Chapter 7

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

group of related mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, & retrieve info for a variety of uses

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

forming a memory code

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

maintaining encoded info in memory over time

Question 4

retrieval

Answer 4

recovering info from memory stores

Question 5

elaboration

Answer 5

linking of a stimulus to other info at the time of encoding

Question 6

visual imagery

Answer 6

creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered

Question 7

dual-coding theory

Answer 7

memory is enhanced by forcing both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall

Question 8

motivation to remember

Answer 8

depends on the importance of info at the time

Question 9

attention

Answer 9

involves focusing on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

Question 10

False memory

Answer 10

Elizabeth Loftus - mother’s death

Question 11

misinformation effect

Answer 11

when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event info

Question 12

Elizabeth Loftus’ research

Answer 12

Known for her work on the misinformation effect (car crash study) and false memories

Question 13

sensory memory

Answer 13

preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

Question 14

short-term memory

Answer 14

limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for up to 20 seconds (magic number 7 +/- 2)

Question 15

rehearsal

Answer 15

process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about info

Question 16

chunking

Answer 16

grouping familiar stimuli to store as a single unit

Question 17

working memory capacity

Answer 17

one’s ability to hold and manipulate info

Question 18

long-term memory

Answer 18

unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time

Question 19

flashbulb memories

Answer 19

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

Question 20

conceptual hierarchy

Answer 20

multilevel classification system based on common properties among them

Question 21

semantic network

Answer 21

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

Question 22

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 22

the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach

Question 23

recall

Answer 23

requires participants to reproduce info on their own without any cues

Question 24

ineffective coding

Answer 24

not committing smaller details to memory

Question 25

decay theory

Answer 25

forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

Question 26

interference theory

Answer 26

people forget info because of competition from other material

Question 27

retroactive interference

Answer 27

occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info

Question 28

proactive interference

Answer 28

occurs when previously learned info interferes with the retention of new info

Question 29

forgetting

Answer 29

can be caused by defects in encoding, storage, and/or retrieval

Question 30

Organic amnesia

Answer 30

Extensive memory loss due to head injury

Question 31

retrograde amnesia

Answer 31

a person loses memories for events that occurred prior to the injury

Question 32

anterograde amnesia

Answer 32

a person loses memories for events that occur after the injury

Question 33

recognition

Answer 33

requires participants to select previously learned info from an array of options

Question 34

schema

Answer 34

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event