Exam #1 Flashcards
1
Q
Which landforms were significant to the greeks
A
Mountains and the sea because it provided isolation and trade
2
Q
What was much of greece made of (landwise)
A
small plains and river valleys surrounded by mountain ranges
3
Q
Greeks became _______________ and _________- to gain advantages
A
independent
fought
4
Q
List the important territories
A
1) Sparta
2) Peloponnesus
3) Athens
4) Boeotia
5) Thebes
6) Thessaly
7) Macedonia
5
Q
what was the first greek state? What did it do for civilization?
What were its characteristics?
A
Mycenae
center of civilization
warrior people, homer wrote ab them,
6
Q
What was the distribution of power in Mycenae
A
Several monarchies that formed loose confederacies (mycenae was the strongest)
7
Q
How did Mycenea fall
A
By earthquakes and attacks
8
Q
What were two major developments in the greek city states?
A
Polis and Movement of People
9
Q
What was a Polis
A
> fundamental institution
community of citizens in which all political, economical, religious, social and cultural
greek city-state
10
Q
What is an acropolis
A
A High point. Ancient cities often grew up around a high point, in order that they could easily be defended.
11
Q
What were the who had political rights?
A
men- citizens w/ political rights
women- citizens w/no political rights
slaves and resident aliens- not citizens w/no political rights
12
Q
What is a hoplite?
What military position did they from?
A
A heavily armed infantry
Phalanx
13
Q
What is a Phalanx?
Who participates/made up the majority of the Phalanx?
A
A structure that depended on solidarity and discipline between its army
men of property meaning they were able to rise in democracy in greece
14
Q
How did greeks leaving their homelands effect the world?
A
spread aspects of culture/ created a sense of identity within their culture
increased trade:
a) greeks send wine, olive oil, pottery
b) greeks received grains, wheat, metals, slaves, timber and fish
15
Q
There was a rise of _________ in the greek Polis
A
tyrants
16
Q
What is a tyrant?
What area of people produced most tyrants?
A
rulers who came to power in unconstitutional ways
aristocrats
17
Q
Who supported the tyrants?
A
the merchant class/ new rich
18
Q
Both rich and poor opposed _____________
A
oligarchies
19
Q
What is an oligarchy?
A
a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
20
Q
Who had their height between 1600 BCE and 1100 BCE in greece
A
the Mycenaeans
21
Q
Who were minoans?
A
- island of crete
-palace at knossos - trade
a) timber, olive oil, wine, purple dye, wool, clay, herbs - non Mycenaean ships on pottery (contact w others)
22
Q
Where was sparta located?
A
Southeastern Peloponnesus
23
Q
What caused Sparta to conquer laconia and Messenia (730 BCE)
A
a need for more land
24
Q
what were the people captured from laconia and Messenia called?
How many of them were there compared to Spartans
A
Helots
10-1
25
Why did Sparta have such a need for a powerful military
Helots threat to revolt
26
What was the reform called in New Sparta?
Lycurgan Reforms
27
What are some characteristics of Lycurgan Reforms?
> rigidly organized
> tightly controlled
28
What was the process of boyhood-> manhood in Sparta
1) taken from fam at 7 and put in control of state
2) taught harsh discipline and obedience to authority in school
3) age 20-> got a wife
4) age 30-> lived at home+ vote
5) age 60-> out of military
29
What was the role of women in Sparta?
>excluded from public life
> obligation to bear children
> take care of home
30
What was homosexuality like for males in Sparta
> prominent in life between mature and young males
> older male won younger male by wisdom
>caused no problems in society
31
Polis =
Male citizen community
32
Family=
Husband, wife, children (sometimes slaves)
33
What were the _ Kings responsible for
2
military affairs and served as leaders in military and politics
34
Who were Ephors
5 men that were elected each year that conducted education
35
What was the council of elders?
the two kings and 28 males (over 60) decided on issues brought to the assembly
36
Sparta:
a) embraced the outside world and welcomed new ideas
b) embraced the outside world but did not like new ideas
c) turned back on outside world but welcomed new ideas
d) turned back on outside world and did not like new ideas
d) turned back on outside world and did not like new ideas
People were discouraged from studying anything that would bring around new thought/ideas
37
What was athens controlled by?
A council made up of 9 noble officials called ARCHONS
38
Did the assembly for the common have a lot of power?
No it had very little
39
What did Political turmoil lead to
Serious economic problems that led to farmers being sold into slavery
40
Who took Power in 600 BCE?
What did he do?
Solon:
> cancelled all depts, outlawed humans as collateral, freed former free citizen slaves
> did not give land back to
41
IMportant date
What was his rule like?
546 BCE
>policy aided trade
>popular w merchant class
42
Who took power after Pistratus lost it/ date?
Cleisthenes 508 BCE
43
Who took power after the Cleisthenes?
Athenian Assembly
44
The polis was a _____ community
male
45
How many people could participate in politics out of how many
43,000 (male citizens) out of 150,000
46
There was a focus on ________ and ______ in athens
Agriculture and trade
47
What did athenians trade/ grow
Olive oil (olives)
wine (grapes)
48
Who were Dorians
the conquerors of the Peloponnese
49
What kind of Navy did the Spartans have
None
50
Spartans had a strong ________ and no _________/ not open to ___ ideas
military
creativity, new
51
What was Laconia
Laconia (or Lacedaemon ) was the name of the wider city state which was centred on the city of Sparta
52
What was Spartan leadership
oligarchy 2 kings to prevents absolute monarchy
53
What is Checks and Balances
The way spartan Gov was led (2 kings of opposing views)
54
Who received Oracles
Only the ouriset/ most powerful
- 4 state officials
55
Why was a king declaring War such a big deal in Sparta
He had to be the first to charge and last to retreat
56
28 elders
- strict rules unwritten
meaning the elders were very self disciplined/ didn't need them written
57
Everyone in Sparta is the _____
same
58
People were kept in check by other people
lost of snitching
59
28 elders had a lot of say in day to day life:
1) inspect babies/ gave babies permission to live
2) Children belong to the state not the family
3) "boy herds at age 7"
4) meals together
a) hoarding control
b) all eyes on everyone
60
Sparta's government
Oligarchy
/ \
council of assembly
elders |
| men over 30 who
28 citizens voted on laws and
over 60 elected ephors
|
created laws
61
Women in Spartan Society:
Trained just as hard as men
62
(in sparta) Family=
none because of gov constant control
63
Social Structure in Sparta
3 classes..
Spartites-
Held office, born or adopted into power, paid taxes, full time warriors, owned land
Perioeci-
no spartan parent or was untrained spartan, no land ownership, legal protections, no voting
Helots-
slaves, first inhabitants that were oppressed by spartans, no land, no personal property
64
The collapse of the Assyrian empire led to the ___________ to make babylonia
Chaldeans
65
Who led the Chaldeans?
King Nebuchadnezzar
66
Babylon was the _______ state in western asia
Leading
67
When did babylon fall and to whom did they fall
539 BCE to persians
68
What characteristics did Cyrus present? What good id Cyrus do
restraint, wisdom, compassion
Allowed jews to go back to holy land
Kept old gov officials in office
69
What did cyrus' successor do and what was his name
Darius , conquered thrace, greece and made persian empire the largest yet
he also created satrap
70
What is a satrap, what do they do
A governor who looked over 1 of 20 provinces, protector of the kingdom, collected tributes
71
What was transport like in persian empire
well maintained roads
72
Kings occupied _______ position in which all subjects were ________ and had power of _______ and________ over everyone
Exhalated, servants (to the king)
life and death
73
Who were the immortals?
10,000 infantry who were quickly replaced if dead
74
Over taxation and kings isolated led to _________
a weakened empire
75
How did classical greece start
confrontation between greek states and persian empire
76
What was the challenge in persia
Ionian cities revolt with athenian aid led to Darius attacking greeks
77
What was the battle of Marathon?
A battle on the muddle bay of the southern athenian peninsula, 26.2 miles away from,athens, victory for greece
78
Thermopile
Xerxes led massive invasion of ~150,000 troops, 700 naval ships, hundred more supply ships vs greeks 9,000 troops
Spartan king Leonidas led 7,000 greeks and held for 7 days, local told ab goat path, king commanded athenian retreat and held the persians back long enough to evacuate athenians and long enough to assemble troops in Salamis
79
Salamas:
Athenians outmaneuvered persians in small canal. lured giant persian ships into small canal. Persians panicked giving athenians the upper hand and they won.
80
What is homefield advantage?
using the geography to their advantage: narrow canal, steep cliff, muddy beach
81
What were the effects of the greco persian war?
unification of greeks, beginning of Athenian spartan reign
82
Pericles
expanded public office to lower class citizens, created jury duty( life vs death from like-minded people),
moved treasury from delos-> athens (made sparta (and other greeks) very mad) which started the Peloponnesian war
83
What happened during the Peloponnesian war?
Athens vs Sparta?
Plague killed athenians, spartan victory, ignored rising macedonians
athens: protective walls, navy, stayed behind said walls, plague, pericles died, fleet destroyed at Aegospotami, surrendered
Sparta: Lure athens out of walls, open battle, weakened states, led to new allies
84
Who is Cambyses?
invaded Egypt in
85
What was the delian league? Who created it?
alliance against persians that liberated *all* greek city states
Pericles
86
What is a strategoi? What did they do?
10 officials elected by public vote
- wealthy
-generals
-power depended on respect
- army generals
-power at hands of people
87
Who were the first historians and what were the differences between them?
Herodotus: Fun, bias
- wrote history of the persian wars
- between freedom and despotism
Thucydides: more facts, less bias
-considered greatest historian of all time
-believed that history repeats itself
88
What was greek drama?
Tragedies: Sophocles and Euripides, end on a down note, encouraged thought
Comedies: political satire, end on high note, encouraged reform
89
What did the statues and architecture reflect in ancient greece? (classical)
True ideals, humans as harmonious and objects of beauty, clarity, relaxed, flexible, NOT REALISM (in statues)
90
Athens became the greek center for __________ and ___________
intellectuals and art
91
Who were the most famous philosophers in ancient athens?
SPA
92
Who was socrates and what did he teach/ think
Search for truth, Socratic method( finding things out for yourself), questioned authority,
93
Who was Plato? what did he think/ teach
Theory of forms, cave allegory, unchanging Ideals, realty is in forms, men and women should be equal!!!
Plato's philosophy is based on the idea of a perfect, ideal state
94
Aristotle. What did he teach/ think?
analyzed and classified things, women inferior to men
Empiricism(truth in reality/ truth in our senses)
95
What was Greek religion like
civic cult necessary for the well being of the state
festivals in honor of gods, temples in honor of gods
olympics created
96
What religion did the greeks follow?
basic polytheistic religion: 12 gods, mount olympus
97
Why were the Olympics so important?
unified greeks, very relaxed rules
98
What was the oracle in ancient greece
divine communication delivered in response to a petitioner's request; also, the seat of prophecy itself.
double meanings
99
What were lycurgan reforms
boys at 7 in sparta off to prepare for military, fights encouraged to see who was better/leader, prepared for harder life, encourage boys to be self-reliant, strong, restrained
100
What are way women were treated in athens
smallest amount of power possible, only useful for birthing babies, had more affection than men
101
How were women treated in sparta
strong, exercised, nobel, nude, engaged in sports such as javelin throwing, wrestling, discus
102
Archons
Chief justice
103
Cylon
Former olympian who attempted to overthrow government, would have been a tyrant, Sacrosanct(followers who were sent to death threw themselves at statues of demeter and persephone
104
draco
written laws, death for everything, draconian, drastic
105
solon
tried to make fair code, council of 400, assembly, 3 groups
106
Peisistratus
extreme democrat gathered fellow veterans and took over athens, popular, reduced taxes,gave poor money for their labor
107
Hippias Overthrown
Spartans kicked him out
108
Cleisthenes reform (w spartans)
508
all free people+citizens, council of 500, Demes, gave people power to exile
109
Greco Persian war
490-479
110
Peloponnesian War
431-404
111
Council of 400
3 Groups
created by solon
drawn by lots (middle-upper class)
Men of the coast: wanted to keep reforms (middle class)
Men of the Plain: wanted power to the rich (upper class)
Men of the hills: wanted complete democracy (lower class)
112
What is the council of 500
50 reps from each tribe, 1/5 of population has representation
113
What is a demes
division of greece into 30 units, limited power of aristocrats
114
Ostraka
piece of pottery used to vote people out to be exiled: Ostracism
115
Phillip II
built efficient army and turned macedonia into the strongest greek power
Assassinated and Alex took over
116
Athenian response to growing macedonia
confrontation in the battle of Chaeronea in which they were crushed and all of greece was taken by Macedonia (end of freedom)
117
Alexander the great
challenged persia and destroyed it, conquered syria, Palestine, egypt, babylon, pakistan, entered india and was planning to continue on but army mutinied and stopped him
118
hellenism
to make greek
119
WHat happened to the Macedonian empire after Alexander The great died
it crumbled
120
What were the 4 Hellenistic empires
1) Macedonia under Antigonid
2) Syria and the east under Seleucids
3) Attalid Kingdom under Pergamum
4) Egypt under Ptolemies
121
What were some qualities of Hellenistic states
relied on greeks and macedonians to form ruling class, greek=power, encouraged greek culture spread, founded military settlements, maintained order
122
How was this different from Alexander's rule
persian administrators/ strong persian relations
123
Greeks believed they were the superior and used it as....
an excuse of dominance in politics
124
What was the city architecture like
greek style
125
how did sculpting change
no more idealism, more realism(drunks, old women)
126
Who is Archimedes
pi, gravity, inventor, geometric shapes and spheres,
127
____________ was the center of Hellenistic world, __________ the center of philosophy
Alexandria, Athens
128
Who is Epicurus
established school, Epicurism
129
What is Epicureanism?
happiness as main goal
130
Who was Zeno
Stoicism-> larger sense of community, gaining inner peace, no separation from politics
131
What qualities do both Stoicism and Epicureanism share
focus on happiness, openness for thoughts of universality
132
What was the archaic age
developments in Greek politics, economics, international relations, warfare, and culture
133
One effect of the Peloponnesian war was -
end of Athens' golden age
134
In 600 BCE, this aristocrat cancelled all debts in Athens and also created the council of 400
Solon
135
peninsula
a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides
136
What are the names of the two Greek peninsulas?
Balkan, Peloponnesus
137
When did the Myceneans control greek mainland
1600-1100 BCE
138
When were the green dark ages
1100-750 BCE
139
When was the first olympics
776BCE
140
What two things happened in 750 BC
Developments of poleis, and relieving overcrowding
141
When was cyrus' reign
559-530 BCE
142
When did Cleisthenes create a democratic gov
508
143
When was Marathon
480
144
when was the Peloponnesian war
431-404 BCE
145
When did all greeks become under the control of Macedonia
330 BCE
