Exam #1 Flashcards
Which landforms were significant to the greeks
Mountains and the sea because it provided isolation and trade
What was much of greece made of (landwise)
small plains and river valleys surrounded by mountain ranges
Greeks became _______________ and _________- to gain advantages
independent
fought
List the important territories
1) Sparta
2) Peloponnesus
3) Athens
4) Boeotia
5) Thebes
6) Thessaly
7) Macedonia
what was the first greek state? What did it do for civilization?
What were its characteristics?
Mycenae
center of civilization
warrior people, homer wrote ab them,
What was the distribution of power in Mycenae
Several monarchies that formed loose confederacies (mycenae was the strongest)
How did Mycenea fall
By earthquakes and attacks
What were two major developments in the greek city states?
Polis and Movement of People
What was a Polis
> fundamental institution
community of citizens in which all political, economical, religious, social and cultural
greek city-state
What is an acropolis
A High point. Ancient cities often grew up around a high point, in order that they could easily be defended.
What were the who had political rights?
men- citizens w/ political rights
women- citizens w/no political rights
slaves and resident aliens- not citizens w/no political rights
What is a hoplite?
What military position did they from?
A heavily armed infantry
Phalanx
What is a Phalanx?
Who participates/made up the majority of the Phalanx?
A structure that depended on solidarity and discipline between its army
men of property meaning they were able to rise in democracy in greece
How did greeks leaving their homelands effect the world?
spread aspects of culture/ created a sense of identity within their culture
increased trade:
a) greeks send wine, olive oil, pottery
b) greeks received grains, wheat, metals, slaves, timber and fish
There was a rise of _________ in the greek Polis
tyrants
What is a tyrant?
What area of people produced most tyrants?
rulers who came to power in unconstitutional ways
aristocrats
Who supported the tyrants?
the merchant class/ new rich
Both rich and poor opposed _____________
oligarchies
What is an oligarchy?
a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
Who had their height between 1600 BCE and 1100 BCE in greece
the Mycenaeans
Who were minoans?
- island of crete
-palace at knossos - trade
a) timber, olive oil, wine, purple dye, wool, clay, herbs - non Mycenaean ships on pottery (contact w others)
Where was sparta located?
Southeastern Peloponnesus
What caused Sparta to conquer laconia and Messenia (730 BCE)
a need for more land
what were the people captured from laconia and Messenia called?
How many of them were there compared to Spartans
Helots
10-1
Why did Sparta have such a need for a powerful military
Helots threat to revolt
What was the reform called in New Sparta?
Lycurgan Reforms
What are some characteristics of Lycurgan Reforms?
> rigidly organized
tightly controlled
What was the process of boyhood-> manhood in Sparta
1) taken from fam at 7 and put in control of state
2) taught harsh discipline and obedience to authority in school
3) age 20-> got a wife
4) age 30-> lived at home+ vote
5) age 60-> out of military
What was the role of women in Sparta?
> excluded from public life
obligation to bear children
take care of home
What was homosexuality like for males in Sparta
> prominent in life between mature and young males
older male won younger male by wisdom
caused no problems in society
Polis =
Male citizen community
Family=
Husband, wife, children (sometimes slaves)
What were the _ Kings responsible for
2
military affairs and served as leaders in military and politics
Who were Ephors
5 men that were elected each year that conducted education
What was the council of elders?
the two kings and 28 males (over 60) decided on issues brought to the assembly
Sparta:
a) embraced the outside world and welcomed new ideas
b) embraced the outside world but did not like new ideas
c) turned back on outside world but welcomed new ideas
d) turned back on outside world and did not like new ideas
d) turned back on outside world and did not like new ideas
People were discouraged from studying anything that would bring around new thought/ideas
What was athens controlled by?
A council made up of 9 noble officials called ARCHONS
Did the assembly for the common have a lot of power?
No it had very little
What did Political turmoil lead to
Serious economic problems that led to farmers being sold into slavery
Who took Power in 600 BCE?
What did he do?
Solon:
> cancelled all depts, outlawed humans as collateral, freed former free citizen slaves
> did not give land back to
IMportant date
What was his rule like?
546 BCE
> policy aided trade
popular w merchant class
Who took power after Pistratus lost it/ date?
Cleisthenes 508 BCE
Who took power after the Cleisthenes?
Athenian Assembly
The polis was a _____ community
male
How many people could participate in politics out of how many
43,000 (male citizens) out of 150,000
There was a focus on ________ and ______ in athens
Agriculture and trade
What did athenians trade/ grow
Olive oil (olives)
wine (grapes)
Who were Dorians
the conquerors of the Peloponnese
What kind of Navy did the Spartans have
None
Spartans had a strong ________ and no _________/ not open to ___ ideas
military
creativity, new
What was Laconia
Laconia (or Lacedaemon ) was the name of the wider city state which was centred on the city of Sparta
What was Spartan leadership
oligarchy 2 kings to prevents absolute monarchy
What is Checks and Balances
The way spartan Gov was led (2 kings of opposing views)
Who received Oracles
Only the ouriset/ most powerful
- 4 state officials
Why was a king declaring War such a big deal in Sparta
He had to be the first to charge and last to retreat
28 elders
- strict rules unwritten
meaning the elders were very self disciplined/ didn’t need them written
Everyone in Sparta is the _____
same
People were kept in check by other people
lost of snitching
28 elders had a lot of say in day to day life:
1) inspect babies/ gave babies permission to live
2) Children belong to the state not the family
3) “boy herds at age 7”
4) meals together
a) hoarding control
b) all eyes on everyone
Sparta’s government
Oligarchy
/ \
council of assembly
elders |
| men over 30 who
28 citizens voted on laws and
over 60 elected ephors
|
created laws
Women in Spartan Society:
Trained just as hard as men
(in sparta) Family=
none because of gov constant control
Social Structure in Sparta
3 classes..
Spartites-
Held office, born or adopted into power, paid taxes, full time warriors, owned land
Perioeci-
no spartan parent or was untrained spartan, no land ownership, legal protections, no voting
Helots-
slaves, first inhabitants that were oppressed by spartans, no land, no personal property
The collapse of the Assyrian empire led to the ___________ to make babylonia
Chaldeans
Who led the Chaldeans?
King Nebuchadnezzar
Babylon was the _______ state in western asia
Leading
When did babylon fall and to whom did they fall
539 BCE to persians
What characteristics did Cyrus present? What good id Cyrus do
restraint, wisdom, compassion
Allowed jews to go back to holy land
Kept old gov officials in office
What did cyrus’ successor do and what was his name
Darius , conquered thrace, greece and made persian empire the largest yet
he also created satrap
What is a satrap, what do they do
A governor who looked over 1 of 20 provinces, protector of the kingdom, collected tributes
What was transport like in persian empire
well maintained roads
Kings occupied _______ position in which all subjects were ________ and had power of _______ and________ over everyone
Exhalated, servants (to the king)
life and death
Who were the immortals?
10,000 infantry who were quickly replaced if dead
Over taxation and kings isolated led to _________
a weakened empire
How did classical greece start
confrontation between greek states and persian empire
What was the challenge in persia
Ionian cities revolt with athenian aid led to Darius attacking greeks
What was the battle of Marathon?
A battle on the muddle bay of the southern athenian peninsula, 26.2 miles away from,athens, victory for greece
Thermopile
Xerxes led massive invasion of ~150,000 troops, 700 naval ships, hundred more supply ships vs greeks 9,000 troops
Spartan king Leonidas led 7,000 greeks and held for 7 days, local told ab goat path, king commanded athenian retreat and held the persians back long enough to evacuate athenians and long enough to assemble troops in Salamis
Salamas:
Athenians outmaneuvered persians in small canal. lured giant persian ships into small canal. Persians panicked giving athenians the upper hand and they won.
What is homefield advantage?
using the geography to their advantage: narrow canal, steep cliff, muddy beach
What were the effects of the greco persian war?
unification of greeks, beginning of Athenian spartan reign
Pericles
expanded public office to lower class citizens, created jury duty( life vs death from like-minded people),
moved treasury from delos-> athens (made sparta (and other greeks) very mad) which started the Peloponnesian war
What happened during the Peloponnesian war?
Athens vs Sparta?
Plague killed athenians, spartan victory, ignored rising macedonians
athens: protective walls, navy, stayed behind said walls, plague, pericles died, fleet destroyed at Aegospotami, surrendered
Sparta: Lure athens out of walls, open battle, weakened states, led to new allies
Who is Cambyses?
invaded Egypt in
What was the delian league? Who created it?
alliance against persians that liberated all greek city states
Pericles
What is a strategoi? What did they do?
10 officials elected by public vote
- wealthy
-generals
-power depended on respect
- army generals
-power at hands of people
Who were the first historians and what were the differences between them?
Herodotus: Fun, bias
- wrote history of the persian wars
- between freedom and despotism
Thucydides: more facts, less bias
-considered greatest historian of all time
-believed that history repeats itself
What was greek drama?
Tragedies: Sophocles and Euripides, end on a down note, encouraged thought
Comedies: political satire, end on high note, encouraged reform
What did the statues and architecture reflect in ancient greece? (classical)
True ideals, humans as harmonious and objects of beauty, clarity, relaxed, flexible, NOT REALISM (in statues)
Athens became the greek center for __________ and ___________
intellectuals and art
Who were the most famous philosophers in ancient athens?
SPA
Who was socrates and what did he teach/ think
Search for truth, Socratic method( finding things out for yourself), questioned authority,
Who was Plato? what did he think/ teach
Theory of forms, cave allegory, unchanging Ideals, realty is in forms, men and women should be equal!!!
Plato’s philosophy is based on the idea of a perfect, ideal state
Aristotle. What did he teach/ think?
analyzed and classified things, women inferior to men
Empiricism(truth in reality/ truth in our senses)
What was Greek religion like
civic cult necessary for the well being of the state
festivals in honor of gods, temples in honor of gods
olympics created
What religion did the greeks follow?
basic polytheistic religion: 12 gods, mount olympus
Why were the Olympics so important?
unified greeks, very relaxed rules
What was the oracle in ancient greece
divine communication delivered in response to a petitioner’s request; also, the seat of prophecy itself.
double meanings
What were lycurgan reforms
boys at 7 in sparta off to prepare for military, fights encouraged to see who was better/leader, prepared for harder life, encourage boys to be self-reliant, strong, restrained
What are way women were treated in athens
smallest amount of power possible, only useful for birthing babies, had more affection than men
How were women treated in sparta
strong, exercised, nobel, nude, engaged in sports such as javelin throwing, wrestling, discus
Archons
Chief justice
Cylon
Former olympian who attempted to overthrow government, would have been a tyrant, Sacrosanct(followers who were sent to death threw themselves at statues of demeter and persephone
draco
written laws, death for everything, draconian, drastic
solon
tried to make fair code, council of 400, assembly, 3 groups
Peisistratus
extreme democrat gathered fellow veterans and took over athens, popular, reduced taxes,gave poor money for their labor
Hippias Overthrown
Spartans kicked him out
Cleisthenes reform (w spartans)
508
all free people+citizens, council of 500, Demes, gave people power to exile
Greco Persian war
490-479
Peloponnesian War
431-404
Council of 400
3 Groups
created by solon
drawn by lots (middle-upper class)
Men of the coast: wanted to keep reforms (middle class)
Men of the Plain: wanted power to the rich (upper class)
Men of the hills: wanted complete democracy (lower class)
What is the council of 500
50 reps from each tribe, 1/5 of population has representation
What is a demes
division of greece into 30 units, limited power of aristocrats
Ostraka
piece of pottery used to vote people out to be exiled: Ostracism
Phillip II
built efficient army and turned macedonia into the strongest greek power
Assassinated and Alex took over
Athenian response to growing macedonia
confrontation in the battle of Chaeronea in which they were crushed and all of greece was taken by Macedonia (end of freedom)
Alexander the great
challenged persia and destroyed it, conquered syria, Palestine, egypt, babylon, pakistan, entered india and was planning to continue on but army mutinied and stopped him
hellenism
to make greek
WHat happened to the Macedonian empire after Alexander The great died
it crumbled
What were the 4 Hellenistic empires
1) Macedonia under Antigonid
2) Syria and the east under Seleucids
3) Attalid Kingdom under Pergamum
4) Egypt under Ptolemies
What were some qualities of Hellenistic states
relied on greeks and macedonians to form ruling class, greek=power, encouraged greek culture spread, founded military settlements, maintained order
How was this different from Alexander’s rule
persian administrators/ strong persian relations
Greeks believed they were the superior and used it as….
an excuse of dominance in politics
What was the city architecture like
greek style
how did sculpting change
no more idealism, more realism(drunks, old women)
Who is Archimedes
pi, gravity, inventor, geometric shapes and spheres,
____________ was the center of Hellenistic world, __________ the center of philosophy
Alexandria, Athens
Who is Epicurus
established school, Epicurism
What is Epicureanism?
happiness as main goal
Who was Zeno
Stoicism-> larger sense of community, gaining inner peace, no separation from politics
What qualities do both Stoicism and Epicureanism share
focus on happiness, openness for thoughts of universality
What was the archaic age
developments in Greek politics, economics, international relations, warfare, and culture
One effect of the Peloponnesian war was -
end of Athens’ golden age
In 600 BCE, this aristocrat cancelled all debts in Athens and also created the council of 400
Solon
peninsula
a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides
What are the names of the two Greek peninsulas?
Balkan, Peloponnesus
When did the Myceneans control greek mainland
1600-1100 BCE
When were the green dark ages
1100-750 BCE
When was the first olympics
776BCE
What two things happened in 750 BC
Developments of poleis, and relieving overcrowding
When was cyrus’ reign
559-530 BCE
When did Cleisthenes create a democratic gov
508
When was Marathon
480
when was the Peloponnesian war
431-404 BCE
When did all greeks become under the control of Macedonia
330 BCE
