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history by adeline > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which landforms were significant to the greeks

A

Mountains and the sea because it provided isolation and trade

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2
Q

What was much of greece made of (landwise)

A

small plains and river valleys surrounded by mountain ranges

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3
Q

Greeks became _______________ and _________- to gain advantages

A

independent

fought

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4
Q

List the important territories

A

1) Sparta
2) Peloponnesus
3) Athens
4) Boeotia
5) Thebes
6) Thessaly
7) Macedonia

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5
Q

what was the first greek state? What did it do for civilization?
What were its characteristics?

A

Mycenae

center of civilization

warrior people, homer wrote ab them,

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6
Q

What was the distribution of power in Mycenae

A

Several monarchies that formed loose confederacies (mycenae was the strongest)

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7
Q

How did Mycenea fall

A

By earthquakes and attacks

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8
Q

What were two major developments in the greek city states?

A

Polis and Movement of People

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9
Q

What was a Polis

A

> fundamental institution
community of citizens in which all political, economical, religious, social and cultural
greek city-state

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10
Q

What is an acropolis

A

A High point. Ancient cities often grew up around a high point, in order that they could easily be defended.

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11
Q

What were the who had political rights?

A

men- citizens w/ political rights
women- citizens w/no political rights
slaves and resident aliens- not citizens w/no political rights

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12
Q

What is a hoplite?
What military position did they from?

A

A heavily armed infantry

Phalanx

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13
Q

What is a Phalanx?
Who participates/made up the majority of the Phalanx?

A

A structure that depended on solidarity and discipline between its army

men of property meaning they were able to rise in democracy in greece

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14
Q

How did greeks leaving their homelands effect the world?

A

spread aspects of culture/ created a sense of identity within their culture

increased trade:
a) greeks send wine, olive oil, pottery
b) greeks received grains, wheat, metals, slaves, timber and fish

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15
Q

There was a rise of _________ in the greek Polis

A

tyrants

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16
Q

What is a tyrant?

What area of people produced most tyrants?

A

rulers who came to power in unconstitutional ways

aristocrats

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17
Q

Who supported the tyrants?

A

the merchant class/ new rich

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18
Q

Both rich and poor opposed _____________

A

oligarchies

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19
Q

What is an oligarchy?

A

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

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20
Q

Who had their height between 1600 BCE and 1100 BCE in greece

A

the Mycenaeans

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21
Q

Who were minoans?

A
  • island of crete
    -palace at knossos
  • trade
    a) timber, olive oil, wine, purple dye, wool, clay, herbs
  • non Mycenaean ships on pottery (contact w others)
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22
Q

Where was sparta located?

A

Southeastern Peloponnesus

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23
Q

What caused Sparta to conquer laconia and Messenia (730 BCE)

A

a need for more land

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24
Q

what were the people captured from laconia and Messenia called?

How many of them were there compared to Spartans

A

Helots

10-1

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25
Q

Why did Sparta have such a need for a powerful military

A

Helots threat to revolt

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26
Q

What was the reform called in New Sparta?

A

Lycurgan Reforms

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27
Q

What are some characteristics of Lycurgan Reforms?

A

> rigidly organized
tightly controlled

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28
Q

What was the process of boyhood-> manhood in Sparta

A

1) taken from fam at 7 and put in control of state

2) taught harsh discipline and obedience to authority in school

3) age 20-> got a wife

4) age 30-> lived at home+ vote

5) age 60-> out of military

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29
Q

What was the role of women in Sparta?

A

> excluded from public life
obligation to bear children
take care of home

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30
Q

What was homosexuality like for males in Sparta

A

> prominent in life between mature and young males
older male won younger male by wisdom
caused no problems in society

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31
Q

Polis =

A

Male citizen community

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32
Q

Family=

A

Husband, wife, children (sometimes slaves)

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33
Q

What were the _ Kings responsible for

A

2

military affairs and served as leaders in military and politics

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34
Q

Who were Ephors

A

5 men that were elected each year that conducted education

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35
Q

What was the council of elders?

A

the two kings and 28 males (over 60) decided on issues brought to the assembly

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36
Q

Sparta:
a) embraced the outside world and welcomed new ideas
b) embraced the outside world but did not like new ideas
c) turned back on outside world but welcomed new ideas
d) turned back on outside world and did not like new ideas

A

d) turned back on outside world and did not like new ideas

People were discouraged from studying anything that would bring around new thought/ideas

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37
Q

What was athens controlled by?

A

A council made up of 9 noble officials called ARCHONS

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38
Q

Did the assembly for the common have a lot of power?

A

No it had very little

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39
Q

What did Political turmoil lead to

A

Serious economic problems that led to farmers being sold into slavery

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40
Q

Who took Power in 600 BCE?
What did he do?

A

Solon:
> cancelled all depts, outlawed humans as collateral, freed former free citizen slaves
> did not give land back to

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41
Q

IMportant date
What was his rule like?

A

546 BCE

> policy aided trade
popular w merchant class

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42
Q

Who took power after Pistratus lost it/ date?

A

Cleisthenes 508 BCE

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43
Q

Who took power after the Cleisthenes?

A

Athenian Assembly

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44
Q

The polis was a _____ community

A

male

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45
Q

How many people could participate in politics out of how many

A

43,000 (male citizens) out of 150,000

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46
Q

There was a focus on ________ and ______ in athens

A

Agriculture and trade

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47
Q

What did athenians trade/ grow

A

Olive oil (olives)
wine (grapes)

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48
Q

Who were Dorians

A

the conquerors of the Peloponnese

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49
Q

What kind of Navy did the Spartans have

A

None

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50
Q

Spartans had a strong ________ and no _________/ not open to ___ ideas

A

military

creativity, new

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51
Q

What was Laconia

A

Laconia (or Lacedaemon ) was the name of the wider city state which was centred on the city of Sparta

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52
Q

What was Spartan leadership

A

oligarchy 2 kings to prevents absolute monarchy

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53
Q

What is Checks and Balances

A

The way spartan Gov was led (2 kings of opposing views)

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54
Q

Who received Oracles

A

Only the ouriset/ most powerful

  • 4 state officials
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55
Q

Why was a king declaring War such a big deal in Sparta

A

He had to be the first to charge and last to retreat

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56
Q

28 elders

A
  • strict rules unwritten
    meaning the elders were very self disciplined/ didn’t need them written
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57
Q

Everyone in Sparta is the _____

A

same

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58
Q

People were kept in check by other people

A

lost of snitching

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59
Q

28 elders had a lot of say in day to day life:

A

1) inspect babies/ gave babies permission to live
2) Children belong to the state not the family
3) “boy herds at age 7”
4) meals together
a) hoarding control
b) all eyes on everyone

60
Q

Sparta’s government

A

Oligarchy
/ \
council of assembly
elders |
| men over 30 who
28 citizens voted on laws and
over 60 elected ephors
|
created laws

61
Q

Women in Spartan Society:

A

Trained just as hard as men

62
Q

(in sparta) Family=

A

none because of gov constant control

63
Q

Social Structure in Sparta

3 classes..

A

Spartites-
Held office, born or adopted into power, paid taxes, full time warriors, owned land

Perioeci-
no spartan parent or was untrained spartan, no land ownership, legal protections, no voting

Helots-
slaves, first inhabitants that were oppressed by spartans, no land, no personal property

64
Q

The collapse of the Assyrian empire led to the ___________ to make babylonia

A

Chaldeans

65
Q

Who led the Chaldeans?

A

King Nebuchadnezzar

66
Q

Babylon was the _______ state in western asia

A

Leading

67
Q

When did babylon fall and to whom did they fall

A

539 BCE to persians

68
Q

What characteristics did Cyrus present? What good id Cyrus do

A

restraint, wisdom, compassion

Allowed jews to go back to holy land

Kept old gov officials in office

69
Q

What did cyrus’ successor do and what was his name

A

Darius , conquered thrace, greece and made persian empire the largest yet

he also created satrap

70
Q

What is a satrap, what do they do

A

A governor who looked over 1 of 20 provinces, protector of the kingdom, collected tributes

71
Q

What was transport like in persian empire

A

well maintained roads

72
Q

Kings occupied _______ position in which all subjects were ________ and had power of _______ and________ over everyone

A

Exhalated, servants (to the king)

life and death

73
Q

Who were the immortals?

A

10,000 infantry who were quickly replaced if dead

74
Q

Over taxation and kings isolated led to _________

A

a weakened empire

75
Q

How did classical greece start

A

confrontation between greek states and persian empire

76
Q

What was the challenge in persia

A

Ionian cities revolt with athenian aid led to Darius attacking greeks

77
Q

What was the battle of Marathon?

A

A battle on the muddle bay of the southern athenian peninsula, 26.2 miles away from,athens, victory for greece

78
Q

Thermopile

A

Xerxes led massive invasion of ~150,000 troops, 700 naval ships, hundred more supply ships vs greeks 9,000 troops
Spartan king Leonidas led 7,000 greeks and held for 7 days, local told ab goat path, king commanded athenian retreat and held the persians back long enough to evacuate athenians and long enough to assemble troops in Salamis

79
Q

Salamas:

A

Athenians outmaneuvered persians in small canal. lured giant persian ships into small canal. Persians panicked giving athenians the upper hand and they won.

80
Q

What is homefield advantage?

A

using the geography to their advantage: narrow canal, steep cliff, muddy beach

81
Q

What were the effects of the greco persian war?

A

unification of greeks, beginning of Athenian spartan reign

82
Q

Pericles

A

expanded public office to lower class citizens, created jury duty( life vs death from like-minded people),

moved treasury from delos-> athens (made sparta (and other greeks) very mad) which started the Peloponnesian war

83
Q

What happened during the Peloponnesian war?
Athens vs Sparta?

A

Plague killed athenians, spartan victory, ignored rising macedonians

athens: protective walls, navy, stayed behind said walls, plague, pericles died, fleet destroyed at Aegospotami, surrendered

Sparta: Lure athens out of walls, open battle, weakened states, led to new allies

84
Q

Who is Cambyses?

A

invaded Egypt in

85
Q

What was the delian league? Who created it?

A

alliance against persians that liberated all greek city states

Pericles

86
Q

What is a strategoi? What did they do?

A

10 officials elected by public vote
- wealthy
-generals
-power depended on respect
- army generals
-power at hands of people

87
Q

Who were the first historians and what were the differences between them?

A

Herodotus: Fun, bias
- wrote history of the persian wars
- between freedom and despotism

Thucydides: more facts, less bias
-considered greatest historian of all time
-believed that history repeats itself

88
Q

What was greek drama?

A

Tragedies: Sophocles and Euripides, end on a down note, encouraged thought

Comedies: political satire, end on high note, encouraged reform

89
Q

What did the statues and architecture reflect in ancient greece? (classical)

A

True ideals, humans as harmonious and objects of beauty, clarity, relaxed, flexible, NOT REALISM (in statues)

90
Q

Athens became the greek center for __________ and ___________

A

intellectuals and art

91
Q

Who were the most famous philosophers in ancient athens?

A

SPA

92
Q

Who was socrates and what did he teach/ think

A

Search for truth, Socratic method( finding things out for yourself), questioned authority,

93
Q

Who was Plato? what did he think/ teach

A

Theory of forms, cave allegory, unchanging Ideals, realty is in forms, men and women should be equal!!!

Plato’s philosophy is based on the idea of a perfect, ideal state

94
Q

Aristotle. What did he teach/ think?

A

analyzed and classified things, women inferior to men

Empiricism(truth in reality/ truth in our senses)

95
Q

What was Greek religion like

A

civic cult necessary for the well being of the state

festivals in honor of gods, temples in honor of gods

olympics created

96
Q

What religion did the greeks follow?

A

basic polytheistic religion: 12 gods, mount olympus

97
Q

Why were the Olympics so important?

A

unified greeks, very relaxed rules

98
Q

What was the oracle in ancient greece

A

divine communication delivered in response to a petitioner’s request; also, the seat of prophecy itself.

double meanings

99
Q

What were lycurgan reforms

A

boys at 7 in sparta off to prepare for military, fights encouraged to see who was better/leader, prepared for harder life, encourage boys to be self-reliant, strong, restrained

100
Q

What are way women were treated in athens

A

smallest amount of power possible, only useful for birthing babies, had more affection than men

101
Q

How were women treated in sparta

A

strong, exercised, nobel, nude, engaged in sports such as javelin throwing, wrestling, discus

102
Q

Archons

A

Chief justice

103
Q

Cylon

A

Former olympian who attempted to overthrow government, would have been a tyrant, Sacrosanct(followers who were sent to death threw themselves at statues of demeter and persephone

104
Q

draco

A

written laws, death for everything, draconian, drastic

105
Q

solon

A

tried to make fair code, council of 400, assembly, 3 groups

106
Q

Peisistratus

A

extreme democrat gathered fellow veterans and took over athens, popular, reduced taxes,gave poor money for their labor

107
Q

Hippias Overthrown

A

Spartans kicked him out

108
Q

Cleisthenes reform (w spartans)

A

508

all free people+citizens, council of 500, Demes, gave people power to exile

109
Q

Greco Persian war

A

490-479

110
Q

Peloponnesian War

A

431-404

111
Q

Council of 400

3 Groups

A

created by solon
drawn by lots (middle-upper class)

Men of the coast: wanted to keep reforms (middle class)
Men of the Plain: wanted power to the rich (upper class)
Men of the hills: wanted complete democracy (lower class)

112
Q

What is the council of 500

A

50 reps from each tribe, 1/5 of population has representation

113
Q

What is a demes

A

division of greece into 30 units, limited power of aristocrats

114
Q

Ostraka

A

piece of pottery used to vote people out to be exiled: Ostracism

115
Q

Phillip II

A

built efficient army and turned macedonia into the strongest greek power

Assassinated and Alex took over

116
Q

Athenian response to growing macedonia

A

confrontation in the battle of Chaeronea in which they were crushed and all of greece was taken by Macedonia (end of freedom)

117
Q

Alexander the great

A

challenged persia and destroyed it, conquered syria, Palestine, egypt, babylon, pakistan, entered india and was planning to continue on but army mutinied and stopped him

118
Q

hellenism

A

to make greek

119
Q

WHat happened to the Macedonian empire after Alexander The great died

A

it crumbled

120
Q

What were the 4 Hellenistic empires

A

1) Macedonia under Antigonid
2) Syria and the east under Seleucids
3) Attalid Kingdom under Pergamum
4) Egypt under Ptolemies

121
Q

What were some qualities of Hellenistic states

A

relied on greeks and macedonians to form ruling class, greek=power, encouraged greek culture spread, founded military settlements, maintained order

122
Q

How was this different from Alexander’s rule

A

persian administrators/ strong persian relations

123
Q

Greeks believed they were the superior and used it as….

A

an excuse of dominance in politics

124
Q

What was the city architecture like

A

greek style

125
Q

how did sculpting change

A

no more idealism, more realism(drunks, old women)

126
Q

Who is Archimedes

A

pi, gravity, inventor, geometric shapes and spheres,

127
Q

____________ was the center of Hellenistic world, __________ the center of philosophy

A

Alexandria, Athens

128
Q

Who is Epicurus

A

established school, Epicurism

129
Q

What is Epicureanism?

A

happiness as main goal

130
Q

Who was Zeno

A

Stoicism-> larger sense of community, gaining inner peace, no separation from politics

131
Q

What qualities do both Stoicism and Epicureanism share

A

focus on happiness, openness for thoughts of universality

132
Q

What was the archaic age

A

developments in Greek politics, economics, international relations, warfare, and culture

133
Q

One effect of the Peloponnesian war was -

A

end of Athens’ golden age

134
Q

In 600 BCE, this aristocrat cancelled all debts in Athens and also created the council of 400

A

Solon

135
Q

peninsula

A

a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides

136
Q

What are the names of the two Greek peninsulas?

A

Balkan, Peloponnesus

137
Q

When did the Myceneans control greek mainland

A

1600-1100 BCE

138
Q

When were the green dark ages

A

1100-750 BCE

139
Q

When was the first olympics

A

776BCE

140
Q

What two things happened in 750 BC

A

Developments of poleis, and relieving overcrowding

141
Q

When was cyrus’ reign

A

559-530 BCE

142
Q

When did Cleisthenes create a democratic gov

A

508

143
Q

When was Marathon

A

480

144
Q

when was the Peloponnesian war

A

431-404 BCE

145
Q

When did all greeks become under the control of Macedonia

A

330 BCE

history by adeline (9 decks)

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