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Evolution Notes Review Flashcards

1
Q

what did Jean Baptiste Lamarck start his career as

A

botanist

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2
Q

what dis Lamarck believe in

A

invertebrates

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3
Q

lamarck believed that life is driven towards increasing

A

complexity

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4
Q

according to lamarck, if a feature was not beig uses, it would _______

A

disappear

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5
Q

what are adaptations

A

any variation that aids an organisms chance of survival

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6
Q

what is a structural adaptation

A

any changes in the body of the organisms

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7
Q

what is a physiological adaptation

A

a change in a metabolic process (chemical)

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8
Q

what is behavorial adaptation

A

non-physical changes or change in responses to the environment

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9
Q

what is natural selection

A

the main mechanisms for change in a population

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10
Q

what happens to the organisms that have better adaptations

A

they live on to pass on their traits

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11
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

average phenotype has advantage and extremes are unfavorable

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12
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

phenotypes at the 2 extremes are favored and could create two sub populations

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13
Q

what is directional selection

A

phenotype at one extreme has the advantage

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14
Q

what did charles darwin believe in

A

he felt that is was possible for a new species to arise due to accumulation of adaptations

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15
Q

what are the three influences on Darwin

A

Hulton and Lyell, Alfred Wallace, Thomas Malthus

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16
Q

what does the theory of natural selection say

A

the best adapted individuals within a population survive and produce offspring that are well suited to the environment

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17
Q

what is overproduction

A

more offspring are produced that are needed

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18
Q

what is competition

A

when resources are limited

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19
Q

what is variation

A

differences within a species may affect the individuals ability to survive

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20
Q

what is a mutation

A

any change in genetic makeup ( many lethal but not always)

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21
Q

what is genetic recombination

A

genetic material form different parents or crossing over of homologous chromosomes

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22
Q

what is gene flow

A

transportations of genes by migrating individuals

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23
Q

what is genetic drift

A

alteration of allelic frequency by chance events

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24
Q

what is the flounder effect

A

change in allele frequencies when new population arises from one or few individuals

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25
what is the bottleneck
number of individuals in a population fall due to a variety of causes, leaving only as parents of the next generation
26
what does divergent mean
becoming different
27
what does convergent mean
becoming similar
28
what is coevolution
evolving together
29
what is adaptive radiation
ancestral species evolves into array of new species to fit a number of diverse habitats
30
what is convergent evolution
distantly related organisms evolve similar traits
31
what is coevolution
two or more species evolve in response to one another
32
what are r selected species
they reproduce quickly with many offspring
33
what is a k selected species
reproduce slowly, less offspring, more parental care
34
what is provisioning services
food water raw materials and energy
35
what are regulating services
climate regulation, waste decomposition, detoxification
36
what are cultural services
art, spiritual, historical, recreational
37
what are supporting services
primary productivity, nutrient cycling, soil formation
38
what is genetic resistance
ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designed to kill it
39
what is speciation
process by which a species are generated
40
what is geographic isolation
physical isolation of populations
41
what is reproductive isolation
mutations and natural selection in isolated opoulations lead to inability to produce viable offspring
42
what is biological extinction
loss of a species globally
43
what is local extinction
loss of a species from an ecosystem
44
what is an endemic species
species found in only one area
45
which mass extinction are we approaching
the 6th one
46
what is artificial selection
process in which humans select the genetic characteristics of a population
47
what is genetic engineering
when an organisms is altered by adding, deleting, or modifying DNA
48
what are the steps in genetic engineering
select and cut out desirable gene, paste desired gene into plasmid, allow desired gene to reproduce, insert desire gene into plant cells, grow new plant
49
what is species richness
number of different species in a given area
50
what is species evenness
comparitive number of individuals
51
what are the two most species rich communities
tropical rainforests and coral reefs
52
an islands ______ and _______ from the mainland must be considered when determining species richness
size and distance
53
extinction is determined by the island _______
size
54
bigger island = _____
lower extinction rate
55
what is the formula for the shannon index
(SIGMA) -pi x ln(pi)
56
what is the formula for the simpsons index
(SIGMA) ni(ni-1)/N(N-1)
57
what does the N stand for in the simpsons index
total number of organisms
58
what does the n stand for in the simpsons index
number of organisms of a particular species
59
what does the pi stand for in the shannon index
relative abundance of species
60
what does the ni stand for in the shannons index
number of individual species
61
what does the N stand for in the shannon index
total number of individuals of all species
62
what does the H stand for in the shannon index
the shannon diversity index
63
what is a niche
a species' role in its community
64
what is a generalist species
species that has a wide range of tolerance
65
what is a specialist species
species with narrow range of tolerance
66
what is a indicator species
species that provides early warning of damage to a community
67
what is a keystone species
species have a large effect on the types of other species
68
what is a foundation species
a species that creates or enhances their habitats
69
what is a fundamental niches
the range of niches an organism could potentially fill
70
what is a realied niche
the actual niche of an organisms
71
n

APES (17 decks)

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