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APES > Evolution Notes Review > Flashcards

Evolution Notes Review Flashcards

1
Q

what did Jean Baptiste Lamarck start his career as

A

botanist

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2
Q

what dis Lamarck believe in

A

invertebrates

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3
Q

lamarck believed that life is driven towards increasing

A

complexity

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4
Q

according to lamarck, if a feature was not beig uses, it would _______

A

disappear

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5
Q

what are adaptations

A

any variation that aids an organisms chance of survival

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6
Q

what is a structural adaptation

A

any changes in the body of the organisms

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7
Q

what is a physiological adaptation

A

a change in a metabolic process (chemical)

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8
Q

what is behavorial adaptation

A

non-physical changes or change in responses to the environment

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9
Q

what is natural selection

A

the main mechanisms for change in a population

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10
Q

what happens to the organisms that have better adaptations

A

they live on to pass on their traits

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11
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

average phenotype has advantage and extremes are unfavorable

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12
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

phenotypes at the 2 extremes are favored and could create two sub populations

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13
Q

what is directional selection

A

phenotype at one extreme has the advantage

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14
Q

what did charles darwin believe in

A

he felt that is was possible for a new species to arise due to accumulation of adaptations

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15
Q

what are the three influences on Darwin

A

Hulton and Lyell, Alfred Wallace, Thomas Malthus

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16
Q

what does the theory of natural selection say

A

the best adapted individuals within a population survive and produce offspring that are well suited to the environment

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17
Q

what is overproduction

A

more offspring are produced that are needed

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18
Q

what is competition

A

when resources are limited

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19
Q

what is variation

A

differences within a species may affect the individuals ability to survive

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20
Q

what is a mutation

A

any change in genetic makeup ( many lethal but not always)

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21
Q

what is genetic recombination

A

genetic material form different parents or crossing over of homologous chromosomes

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22
Q

what is gene flow

A

transportations of genes by migrating individuals

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23
Q

what is genetic drift

A

alteration of allelic frequency by chance events

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24
Q

what is the flounder effect

A

change in allele frequencies when new population arises from one or few individuals

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25
Q

what is the bottleneck

A

number of individuals in a population fall due to a variety of causes, leaving only as parents of the next generation

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26
Q

what does divergent mean

A

becoming different

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27
Q

what does convergent mean

A

becoming similar

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28
Q

what is coevolution

A

evolving together

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29
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

ancestral species evolves into array of new species to fit a number of diverse habitats

30
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

distantly related organisms evolve similar traits

31
Q

what is coevolution

A

two or more species evolve in response to one another

32
Q

what are r selected species

A

they reproduce quickly with many offspring

33
Q

what is a k selected species

A

reproduce slowly, less offspring, more parental care

34
Q

what is provisioning services

A

food water raw materials and energy

35
Q

what are regulating services

A

climate regulation, waste decomposition, detoxification

36
Q

what are cultural services

A

art, spiritual, historical, recreational

37
Q

what are supporting services

A

primary productivity, nutrient cycling, soil formation

38
Q

what is genetic resistance

A

ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designed to kill it

39
Q

what is speciation

A

process by which a species are generated

40
Q

what is geographic isolation

A

physical isolation of populations

41
Q

what is reproductive isolation

A

mutations and natural selection in isolated opoulations lead to inability to produce viable offspring

42
Q

what is biological extinction

A

loss of a species globally

43
Q

what is local extinction

A

loss of a species from an ecosystem

44
Q

what is an endemic species

A

species found in only one area

45
Q

which mass extinction are we approaching

A

the 6th one

46
Q

what is artificial selection

A

process in which humans select the genetic characteristics of a population

47
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

when an organisms is altered by adding, deleting, or modifying DNA

48
Q

what are the steps in genetic engineering

A

select and cut out desirable gene, paste desired gene into plasmid, allow desired gene to reproduce, insert desire gene into plant cells, grow new plant

49
Q

what is species richness

A

number of different species in a given area

50
Q

what is species evenness

A

comparitive number of individuals

51
Q

what are the two most species rich communities

A

tropical rainforests and coral reefs

52
Q

an islands ______ and _______ from the mainland must be considered when determining species richness

A

size and distance

53
Q

extinction is determined by the island _______

A

size

54
Q

bigger island = _____

A

lower extinction rate

55
Q

what is the formula for the shannon index

A

(SIGMA) -pi x ln(pi)

56
Q

what is the formula for the simpsons index

A

(SIGMA) ni(ni-1)/N(N-1)

57
Q

what does the N stand for in the simpsons index

A

total number of organisms

58
Q

what does the n stand for in the simpsons index

A

number of organisms of a particular species

59
Q

what does the pi stand for in the shannon index

A

relative abundance of species

60
Q

what does the ni stand for in the shannons index

A

number of individual species

61
Q

what does the N stand for in the shannon index

A

total number of individuals of all species

62
Q

what does the H stand for in the shannon index

A

the shannon diversity index

63
Q

what is a niche

A

a species’ role in its community

64
Q

what is a generalist species

A

species that has a wide range of tolerance

65
Q

what is a specialist species

A

species with narrow range of tolerance

66
Q

what is a indicator species

A

species that provides early warning of damage to a community

67
Q

what is a keystone species

A

species have a large effect on the types of other species

68
Q

what is a foundation species

A

a species that creates or enhances their habitats

69
Q

what is a fundamental niches

A

the range of niches an organism could potentially fill

70
Q

what is a realied niche

A

the actual niche of an organisms

71
Q

n

A

APES (17 decks)

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