Evolution Notes Review Flashcards
what did Jean Baptiste Lamarck start his career as
botanist
what dis Lamarck believe in
invertebrates
lamarck believed that life is driven towards increasing
complexity
according to lamarck, if a feature was not beig uses, it would _______
disappear
what are adaptations
any variation that aids an organisms chance of survival
what is a structural adaptation
any changes in the body of the organisms
what is a physiological adaptation
a change in a metabolic process (chemical)
what is behavorial adaptation
non-physical changes or change in responses to the environment
what is natural selection
the main mechanisms for change in a population
what happens to the organisms that have better adaptations
they live on to pass on their traits
what is stabilizing selection
average phenotype has advantage and extremes are unfavorable
what is disruptive selection
phenotypes at the 2 extremes are favored and could create two sub populations
what is directional selection
phenotype at one extreme has the advantage
what did charles darwin believe in
he felt that is was possible for a new species to arise due to accumulation of adaptations
what are the three influences on Darwin
Hulton and Lyell, Alfred Wallace, Thomas Malthus
what does the theory of natural selection say
the best adapted individuals within a population survive and produce offspring that are well suited to the environment
what is overproduction
more offspring are produced that are needed
what is competition
when resources are limited
what is variation
differences within a species may affect the individuals ability to survive
what is a mutation
any change in genetic makeup ( many lethal but not always)
what is genetic recombination
genetic material form different parents or crossing over of homologous chromosomes
what is gene flow
transportations of genes by migrating individuals
what is genetic drift
alteration of allelic frequency by chance events
what is the flounder effect
change in allele frequencies when new population arises from one or few individuals
what is the bottleneck
number of individuals in a population fall due to a variety of causes, leaving only as parents of the next generation
what does divergent mean
becoming different
what does convergent mean
becoming similar
what is coevolution
evolving together
what is adaptive radiation
ancestral species evolves into array of new species to fit a number of diverse habitats
what is convergent evolution
distantly related organisms evolve similar traits
what is coevolution
two or more species evolve in response to one another
what are r selected species
they reproduce quickly with many offspring
what is a k selected species
reproduce slowly, less offspring, more parental care
what is provisioning services
food water raw materials and energy
what are regulating services
climate regulation, waste decomposition, detoxification
what are cultural services
art, spiritual, historical, recreational
what are supporting services
primary productivity, nutrient cycling, soil formation
what is genetic resistance
ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designed to kill it
what is speciation
process by which a species are generated
what is geographic isolation
physical isolation of populations
what is reproductive isolation
mutations and natural selection in isolated opoulations lead to inability to produce viable offspring
what is biological extinction
loss of a species globally
what is local extinction
loss of a species from an ecosystem
what is an endemic species
species found in only one area
which mass extinction are we approaching
the 6th one
what is artificial selection
process in which humans select the genetic characteristics of a population
what is genetic engineering
when an organisms is altered by adding, deleting, or modifying DNA
what are the steps in genetic engineering
select and cut out desirable gene, paste desired gene into plasmid, allow desired gene to reproduce, insert desire gene into plant cells, grow new plant
what is species richness
number of different species in a given area
what is species evenness
comparitive number of individuals
what are the two most species rich communities
tropical rainforests and coral reefs
an islands ______ and _______ from the mainland must be considered when determining species richness
size and distance
extinction is determined by the island _______
size
bigger island = _____
lower extinction rate
what is the formula for the shannon index
(SIGMA) -pi x ln(pi)
what is the formula for the simpsons index
(SIGMA) ni(ni-1)/N(N-1)
what does the N stand for in the simpsons index
total number of organisms
what does the n stand for in the simpsons index
number of organisms of a particular species
what does the pi stand for in the shannon index
relative abundance of species
what does the ni stand for in the shannons index
number of individual species
what does the N stand for in the shannon index
total number of individuals of all species
what does the H stand for in the shannon index
the shannon diversity index
what is a niche
a species’ role in its community
what is a generalist species
species that has a wide range of tolerance
what is a specialist species
species with narrow range of tolerance
what is a indicator species
species that provides early warning of damage to a community
what is a keystone species
species have a large effect on the types of other species
what is a foundation species
a species that creates or enhances their habitats
what is a fundamental niches
the range of niches an organism could potentially fill
what is a realied niche
the actual niche of an organisms
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