Chapter 4

Question 1

what is competition

Answer 1

when multiple organisms compete for the same resource

Question 2

what is competetive exclusion

Answer 2

when one species totally excludes the other species from the resource entirely

Question 3

what is species coexistane

Answer 3

when both species live side by side

Question 4

what is a fundamental niche

Answer 4

the full niche of a species

Question 5

what is a niche

Answer 5

a role that a species plays

Question 6

what is a realized niche

Answer 6

when an individual plays only part of its role because of competition

Question 7

what is resource partitioning

Answer 7

when species “work around each other”

Question 8

what is character displacement

Answer 8

when competing species come to come to diverge because of the evolution of traits best suited to the range of resources

Question 9

what is predation

Answer 9

process in which individuals of one species hunt or kill prey

Question 10

what is parasitism

Answer 10

relationship where one organism depends on another for nourishment or some other benefit

Question 11

what is a pathogen

Answer 11

parasites that cause diease in their host

Question 12

what is coevolution

Answer 12

where parasites and hosts evolve in response to one another

Question 13

what is herbivory

Answer 13

when animals feed on the tissues of plants

Question 14

what is mutualism

Answer 14

relationship in which two or more species benefit from interacting with one another

Question 15

what is a community

Answer 15

assemblage of populations of organisms living in the same area at the same time

Question 16

what is symbiosis

Answer 16

physically close association

Question 17

what is pollination

Answer 17

mutualistic interaction that is vital to agriculture

Question 18

what is a trophic level

Answer 18

the rank through which energy and matter move

Question 19

what is a producer

Answer 19

producers of their own food

Question 20

what is a primary consumer

Answer 20

organisms that consume producers

Question 21

what is a secondary consumer

Answer 21

organisms that consume primary consumers

Question 22

what is a teritary consumer

Answer 22

predators that feed at higher trophic levels

Question 23

what is a detritivore

Answer 23

scavengers of waste products or dead bodies of other organisms

Question 24

what are decomposers

Answer 24

organisms that break down leaf litter and other non living matter into simpler constituents

Question 25

what is cellular respiration

Answer 25

the process through which organisms use chemical energy to release the chemical energy of glucose

Question 26

what is biomass

Answer 26

collective mass of living matter ina given place and time

Question 27

what is a food chain

Answer 27

linear series of feeding relationships

Question 28

what is a keystone species

Answer 28

species that has a strong reaching impact far out of proportion to its abundance

Question 29

what is a trophic cascade

Answer 29

when predators at high trophic levels can indirectly promote populations of lower trophic levels

Question 30

what is a disturbanc e

Answer 30

an event that has rapid and drastic impacts on environmental conditions

Question 31

what is resistance

Answer 31

when a community resists change

Question 32

what is resilience

Answer 32

when a community changes in response to a disturbance but returns to its original state

Question 33

what is succession

Answer 33

when a disturbance is so severe that the species undergos somewhat predictable series of changes

Question 34

what is primary succession

Answer 34

when a disturbance leaves no vegetation or soil life left and the community has to start from scratch

Question 35

what is secondary succession

Answer 35

when the disturbance leaves some life left, but dramatic changes are still made

Question 36

what is a pioneer species

Answer 36

a species that arrives first and colonizes the new substrate

Question 37

what is a climax community

Answer 37

the community that remains in place until some disturbance restarts succession

Question 38

what is a regime shift

Answer 38

when the character of the community fundamentally changes

Question 39

what is an introduced species

Answer 39

species that was introduced by peopl

Question 40

what is an invasive species

Answer 40

a species that spreads widely and dominates communities

Question 41

what is restoration ecology

Answer 41

the study of the conditions of communities before our civilization changed them

Question 42

what is ecological resotration

Answer 42

the efforts to carry out the restoration of these affected communities

Question 43

what is a biome

Answer 43

major regional complex of similar communities

Question 44

what is the rainshadow effect

Answer 44

when moist air goes down a steep slope and releases precipitation as it cools, which can be very drying for the region in the rainshadow

Question 45

what is a temperate deciduous forest

Answer 45

biome that has broad leafed trees that lose their leaves in winter

Question 46

what is a temperate grassland

Answer 46

biome where temperature differences between winter and summer are more extreme, rainfall diminishes

Question 47

what is a temperate rainforest

Answer 47

biome with heavy rainfall abd other coniferous trees

Question 48

what is a tropical rainforest

Answer 48

biome with year round rainfall, warm temperatures, dark and damp interiors

Question 49

what is a tropical dry forest

Answer 49

biome that is warm year round, but rainfall is lower overall and highly seasonal

Question 50

what is a desert

Answer 50

biome where rainfall is very sparse, driest biome on earth

Question 51

what is a tundra

Answer 51

biome that is almost as dry as desert, permafrost, very cold winters

Question 52

what is a borreal forest

Answer 52

biome dominated by evergreen trees, often called taiga, nutreitn poor soil

Question 53

what is a chapparal

Answer 53

biome that has mostly evergreen shrubs and densley thicketed