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Evolution and diversity of organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Earth and the other planets of the solar system were formed

A

4.6 billion years ago.

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2
Q

Life originated on earth

A

3.5 billion years before
Comes from the fossils of micro-organisms

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3
Q

Fossils of the first photosynthetic organism, today’s cyanobacteria, originated before

A

2.7 billion years ago

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4
Q

fossils of the first eukaryotic organisms were estimated as from about

A

1.8 billion years ago

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5
Q

Fossils of the oldest known protists similar to small red algae were dated as

A

1.2 billion years ago

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6
Q

Many present day animal phyla appeared in which period

A

Early cambrian period

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7
Q

Several animal groups which include, porifera, sponges, cnidarians (Sea anemones and their relatives) and molluscs appeared in

A

Late Proterozoic

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8
Q

According to the DNA analysis, sponges evolved

A

700 million years ago

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9
Q

Ancestors of arthropods, chordates and other animal phyla originated

A

670 million years ago

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10
Q

Colonization of land by fungi, plants and animals began after about

A

500 million years ago

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11
Q

With the emergence of large trees, differentiation as
roots, stems and leaves began and diversified since

A

400 million years ago

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12
Q

first group of animals to colonize land

A

Arthropods (insects and spiders)

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13
Q

The earliest tetrapods formed about

A

365 million years ago
evolved from lobed-finned fish

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14
Q

The divergence of human lineage from other primates was initiated

A

6-7 million years ago

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15
Q

The origin of the human species took place

A

195,000 years ago

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16
Q

Origin of earth took place in which eon

A

Hadean eon

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17
Q

Origin of prokaryotes took place in which eon

A

Archaean eon

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18
Q

Origin of eukaryotes took place in which eon

A

Proterozoic eon

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19
Q

Diverse algae and soft-bodied invertebrate animals appeared in

A

Proterozoic eon

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20
Q

What were the dominant animal and plant groups during the paleozoic era

A

Dominant animal group was amphibians
Dominant plant group was seedless vascular plants

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21
Q

What were the dominant animal and plant groups during the mesozic era

A

Dominant animal group were reptiles including dinosours
Dominant plant group was gymnosperms

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22
Q

What were the dominant animal and plant groups during the cenozoic era

A

Dominant animal group was mammals
Dominant plant group was flowering plants

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23
Q

Origin of genus homo took place during

A

Cenozoic era

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24
Q

Origin of most present-day groups of insects took place during

A

Paleozoic era

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25
Q

Evolution

A

Evolution can be defined as a change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation (descent with modification) over a long period of time

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26
Q

Theory of Lamarck

A

Use and disuse
Inheritance of acquired characteristics - Organisms acquire adaptations during their lifetime according to the needs of the environment and offsprings to be better adapted for that particular environment

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27
Q

Observation of Charles Darwin

A

Population of a species vary in characteristics among their inheritance traits
Each species produces more offsprings than the environment could accommodate

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28
Q

Interpretations of the observations of Charles Darwin

A

Certain traits of a population which are capable of exhibiting qualities of better survival and reproduction can produce more offsprings

Variation of abilities in survival and reproduction can enhance the abundance of favourable characteristics among that population

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29
Q

first to classify organisms scientifically

A

Aristotle

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30
Q

Who classified plants according to habit. e.g. trees, shrubs and herbs, and according to lifespan e.g. annuals, biennials and perennials.

A

Theophrastus

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31
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

introduced binomial nomenclature and also classified about 6,000 plants into a hierarchical order of taxa,

His classification of flowering plants was based on the number of stamens and styles of flower.

He identified two kingdoms of organisms; plants and animals

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32
Q

Who introduced a third kingdom: Protista

A

Ernest Haeckel

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33
Q

Who introduced the taxon Phylum

A

Ernest Haeckel

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34
Q

Who introduced the five kingdom system of biological classification

A

Robert H Whittaker
Classified into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia

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35
Q

Who introduced this three domain system

A

Carl Woese

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36
Q

Species

A

Species is a group of organisms who shares similar characteristics and has the ability to interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring.

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37
Q

Branched hydrocarbons are only seen in

A

Domain Archea

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38
Q

Cells of the nervous tissue are originated from which germ layer

A

Ectoderm

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39
Q

Cells of the muscle and connective tissue are originated from which germ layer

A

Mesoderm

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40
Q

Unique features of Phylum Cnidaria

A

Diploblastic organization
Simple gastrovascular cavity
Presence of 2 body forms known as polyp and medusa.
Presence of nematocysts with stinging thread.

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41
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

Hydra, Sea anemone, Obelia, Corals and Jelly fish

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42
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Planaria, Taenia , Fasciola

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43
Q

Unique features of Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Protonephridia (flame bulbs)
Acelomate body

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44
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

round worms, hook worms, pin worms

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45
Q

Unique features of Phylum Nematoda

A

Pseudocoelomic

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46
Q

1st complete alimentary canal with mouth and anus shown by

A

Phylum Nematoda

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47
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

Earthworms, Leeches and regworms.

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48
Q

Unique features of Phylum Annelida

A

Clitellum, parapodia and setae

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49
Q

Phylum showing 1st blood circulatory system

A

Annelida

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50
Q

Phylum showing 1st blood respiratory system

A

Annelida

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51
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Oysters, Clams, Slugs, Snails, Octupus, Squids, Chitons and tusks shells

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52
Q

Unique features of Phylum Mollusca

A

Radula, mantale, viscreral mass and ventral muscular foot

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53
Q

Unique features of Phylum Arthropoda

A

Malphigian tubules, book lungs, tracheal system of chitinous tubes, green glands and chitinous exoskeleton.

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54
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

sea stars, brittle stars, sea lily, feather star, sea cucumber, sea urchins and sand dollars

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55
Q

Unique features of Phylum Echinodermata

A

Penta-radial symmetry, water vascular system and tube feet.

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56
Q

4 basic characteristics of Phylum Chordates

A
  1. Dorsal, hollow, single nerve cord is present dorsally to the notochord.
  2. Longitudinal, flexible rod called the notochord is present in between the nerve cord and the digestive tract.
  3. Presence of slits or clefts in pairs on either side of the pharynx that opens to the outside of the body known as pharyngeal slits at least at the embryonic stage.
  4. Muscular tail that extends posterior to the anus present in embyonic stage.
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57
Q

Features of class Chondrichthyes

A

Skeleton predominantly composed of cartilage
Body covered by Placcoid scales
Heterocercal caudal fin
Gills without operculum
Digestive tract, reproductive tract and the excretory duct opens to the common chamber of Cloaca which has a single opening.

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58
Q

Features of class Osteichthyes

A

Skeleton composed of bones
Gills are covered by a bony flap known as the operculum
Caudal fin is homocercal
Most of them are viviparous
Swim bladder for controlled buoyancy
Body covered by flattened scales of ctenoid or cycloid

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59
Q

Example for limbless amphibian

A

Ichthyopis

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60
Q

Features of amphibians

A

1st vertebrate animals to invade land
1st animals to possess limbs
Sensitive to temperature changes. Contains a thin moist skin. No scales
Ectothermic
Contains nictating membrane (3rd eye lid) covering the eye.
Tympanic membrane is located behind the eye.
Shows external fertilization. Eggs without shells.

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61
Q

Features of class Reptilia

A

1st animals to live a complete terrestrial life
Body is covered by keratinized scales
Ectothermic
Poses lungs for aerial respiration

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62
Q

Features of class aves

A

Body is covered by keratinized feathers
Front limbs are converted to flight
Bones with air cavities, high metabolism
Endothermic

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63
Q

Features of class Mammalia

A

Nourish young by producing milk with mammary glands
Endothermic, high metabolic rate
Body is covered by fur for insulation
Differenciated teeth and a 4 chambered heart with complete double circulation

64
Q

Unique features of class Mammalia

A

Mammary glands
Sweat glands and hair in the skin

65
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an embryo without being fertilized by a sperm.
During parthenogensis haploid ovum may fuse with the polar nucleus.

66
Q

The nervous system of flatworms comprises of

A

Pair of anterior ganglia and 2 longitudinal nerve cords cross linked by transverse nerves.

67
Q

How does nervous system of vertebrates differ from invertebrates

A

Usually invertebrates have solid, double, ventral nerve cords while vertebrates have single, hollow, dorsal nerve cord.

68
Q

What are the excretory structures present in annelids and molluscs

A

Nephridia

69
Q

What are the sensory organs present in Nematods

A

Sensory Paillae

70
Q

What are respiratory structures seen in marine arthropods and marine annelids respectively

A

Marine arthropods like crustaceans use internal gills while marine annelids use external gills.

71
Q

Which molluscs lack radula

A

Bivalves

72
Q

In which eon/era did marine algae became abundant and colonization of land by plants and animals occur

A

Paleozoic era of Phanerozoic eon

73
Q

Hierarchical levels of taxonomy

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

74
Q

Which domain is more related to domain Eukarya

A

Domain Archea

75
Q

Which unicellular protist contains a cell wall

A

Diatoms

76
Q

In binomial nomenclature related species have

A

Same generic name and different specific epithets.

77
Q

Absorptive nutrition

A

Food is digested outside the body using extracellular enzymes and the products of digestion is absorbed through the body surface.

78
Q

Fungi lacking septa are known as

A

Coenozytic fungi (with many nuclei)

79
Q

4 types of fungi phyla

A

Chitridiomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota

80
Q

Zoospores

A

A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion

81
Q

What is the only phylum of fungi producing flagellated reproductive cells

A

Chitridiomycota

82
Q

phylum Zygomycota

A

Mucor and Rhizopus

83
Q

Saprotypes

A

Organisms that feed on dead bodies.

84
Q

Commensala

A

Symbiotic relationship in which 1 is benefited and the other party is not affected.

85
Q

sporangia

A

simply a cell containing spores

86
Q

Plasmogamy and Karyogamy

A

The main difference between plasmogamy and karyogamy is that plasmogamy is the fusion of two hyphal protoplasts while karyogamy is the fusion of two haploid nuclei in fungi

87
Q

Zygosporangium

A

A Zygosporangium is a sturdy structure produced by plasmogamy and karyogamy. Zygosporangium is resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions.

88
Q

Phylum Ascomycota

A

Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, Penicillium

89
Q

Phylum Ascomycota- Asexual reproduction

A

Conidia are produced at the tip of the conidiphores which are specialized hyphae. (Exospores in clusters or chains)

90
Q

Phylum Ascomycota- Sexual reproduction

A

Fusion of sexually differentiated gametangia takes place and produce sac like structure called asci.
Ascospores are produced within asci. Generally there are eight ascospores are produced in each ascus

91
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota

A

Agaricus, Puffballs, Shell fungi

92
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota - Dominant stage of the life cycle

A

Dikaryotic

93
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota - Sexual reproduction

A

They produce fruiting bodies called basidiocarps during sexual reproduction. Produce basidia on the gills of the basidiocarp.
Produce basidiospores on basidium and exogenous.

94
Q

It is believed that members of the kingdom Plantae were evolved from

A

chlorophytes/ green algae

95
Q

Origin of land plants from ancestral green algae has occurred

A

470 million years ago

96
Q

Origin of vascular plants has occurred

A

425 million years ago

97
Q

Origin of extant seed plants has occurred

A

305 million years ago

98
Q

Sporogenesis

A

Is the production of haploid spores by meiotic division of diploid spore mother cells.

99
Q

Heterospory

A

Production of morphologicaly and sexually different 2 types of spores known as the microspore and the megaspore

Microspores produce the male gametophyte while the megaspore produces the female gametophyte.

100
Q

Sorus

A

Clusture of sporangia

101
Q

Sporophylls

A

Spore bearing leaves

102
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Production of haploid gametes by the mitotic division of haploid gamete mother cells.

103
Q

Gametangium

A

Reproductive organ of the gametophyte which involves in gametogenesis.

104
Q

Antheridia

A

Male gametophyte producing sperms

105
Q

Archegonia

A

Female gametophyte producing eggs

106
Q

Antherozoids

A

Plant sperms

107
Q

Monoecious

A

Bisexual

108
Q

Dioecious

A

Unisexual

109
Q

Pollens

A

Microspores of seed plants

110
Q

Embryo sac

A

Female gametophyte of seed plants

111
Q

Key traits of land plants lacking in green algae

A

Walled spores produced in sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Apical mersitem
Dependent embryo

112
Q

Liverworts, hornworts and mosses

A

Liverworts - phylum Hepatophyta (marchantia)
Hornworts - phylum Anthocerophyta (anthoceros)
Mosses - phylum Bryophyta (poganatum)

113
Q

Vascular plants cover about

A

93% of the existing plant species

114
Q

What are rhizoids

A

Primary absorptive structures found in Poganatum

115
Q

Poganatum produced which type of sperms

A

Bi-flagellated motile sperms

116
Q

pterophytes share a more recent common ancestor with

A

seed plants

117
Q

Significant features of seedless vascular plants

A

Transportation through xylem and phloem
Evolution of roots
Evolutions of stems

118
Q

How does xylem and phloem of seedless vascular plants differ from vascular seed plants

A

Xylem of seedless vascular plants lacks vessel elements while phloem of seedless vascular plants lacks seive tube elements, instead seive cells are present.

119
Q

Club mosses produce which type of spore

A

Lycopodium
Homosporus

120
Q

Spike mosses produce which type of spores

A

Selaginella
Heterosporus

121
Q

All land plants carry out

A

Internal fertilization to prevent desiccation of gametes

122
Q

What is the evolutionary trend seen in plants

A

is to reduce the gametophyte and advancment of the sporophyte

123
Q

Which plant produces multi-flagellated sperms

A

Nephrolepis

124
Q

Strobili

A

clusters of sporophylls
Sporophylls are spore bearing leaves

125
Q

Megasporangium of Sellaginella produces how many megaspores

A

4

126
Q

Male gametophyte of Sellaginella

A

Microscopic, enclosed within the microspore wall, non photosynthetic and depends on stored food.
Produces flagellated sperms.

127
Q

Female gametophyte of Sellaginella

A

Multi-cellular, enclosed within the tough, thick covering of the megaspore and produces few rhizoids.

128
Q

Significant features of seed plants

A

Production of seeds
Reduced gametophyte
Heterospory
Production of ovules and eggs
Production of pollens and sperms

129
Q

A seed consists of

A

A seed consists of an embryo and endosperm. Endosperms supply food to the embryo. This endosperm is surrounded by a protective coat which is known as seed coat.

130
Q

Only gymnosperms containing xylem vessel elements

A

Gnetophyta

131
Q

Conversions after fertilization of cycads

A

Remaining female gametophyte becomes the endosperm
Ovule becomes the seed
Intergument becomes the seed coat

132
Q

Which plants produces cilliated sperms

A

Cycadophyta

133
Q

Female gametophyte of cycas

A

Ovule
Female gametophyte is produced within the megaspore

134
Q

Corolla

A

Petals

135
Q

Calyx

A

Sepals

136
Q

Male reproductive part of the flower

A

Androecium composed of ring of stamens
In the anther of a stamen 4 chambers are present. These polen sacs represents the microsporangium. Pollen further devolop into polen grains.

137
Q

Female reproductive part of the flower

A

Gynoecium composed of carpels

138
Q

At the stage of the pollination there are 2 cells in a pollen grain, they are

A

Tube nucleus and the generative nucleus

139
Q

Functional megaspore divides and forms

A

8 nuclei
From them the embyo sac (female gametophyte) consisting of 1 egg cell, 2 synergids, 3 antipodal cells and the central cell is produced. ( It has 2 polar nuclei at the center)

140
Q

After fertilisation of anthophytes what are the transformations occuring?

A

Ovlue - seed
Intergument - seed coat
Egg cell - zygote - embryo - sporophyte
2 polar nuclei - triploid endosperm nucleus - endosperm tissue
Ovary - fruit

141
Q

Parthenocapy

A

Production of fruits from flowers without fertilization.
It is naturally seen in banana and pineapple.

142
Q

External water is required for fertilization of gametes in

A

Bryophytes, lycophytes and pterophytes

143
Q

Isomorphic alternation of generations is seen in

A

Some chlorophytes

144
Q

Plants which requires internal water for fertilization

A

Cycadophyta
They produce flagellated, cilliated sperms

145
Q

Compare the reproductive structures of selaginella and anthophytes

A

Strobillus as the reproductive structure of selaginella while the reproductive structure of anthophytes is the flower.
Megasporophylls and microsporophylls of the strobilli represents the carpels and the stamens of a flower respectively.
Microsporangium reassembles the pollen sacs

146
Q

Unique features of anthophytes

A

Double fertilization
Triploid endosperm
Flowers
Seive tube elements
Companion cells

147
Q

Plants containing gametophytes whuch are dorso-ventrally flattned thalloid bodies.

A

Nephrolepis and Marchantia

148
Q

Cucurbits

A

Plants like melons and pumpkin

149
Q

Rodophytes and phaeophytes

A

Red algae and brown algae

150
Q

Evidences that palnts are originated from chlorophytes

A

Common storage food is starch
Common cell wall components
Common chlorophyll pigments (a and d)

151
Q

Chrysophyta

A

Golden brown algae
Diatoms

152
Q

Double fertilization

A

Fertilization of the egg cells and 2 polar nuclei by 2 sperms simultaneously in anthophytes

153
Q

Hilum of the seed originate from

A

Funiculus/ stalk of embryo

154
Q

What are phyla of kingdom Plantae called

A

Divisions

155
Q

Key traits of land plants lacking in green algae

A

Walled spores produced in sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Dependent embryo
Apical meristem

156
Q

Significant features of seed plants

A

Production of seeds
Reduced gametophyte
Heterospory
Production of ovules and eggs
Production of pollen and sperms

Biology (21 decks)

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