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Biology > Chemical and cellular basis of life > Flashcards

Chemical and cellular basis of life Flashcards

1
Q

Hierarchial organisation of living things

A

Atoms, molecules, organells, cells, tissues, organs, organ-systems, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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2
Q

No. of naturally occurring elements on the earth’s crust and elements which are essential to continue healthy life and reproduction

A

92 elements naturally occur in earth’s crust. Of which, about 20-25% elements are essential to continue healthy life and reproduction. (about 25- elements are essential for humans and about 17 for plants).

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3
Q

C, H, O, N- accounts for of the body mass

A

96.3%

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4
Q

Present in small amounts but not trace elements

A

Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl,
Mg

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5
Q

Major properties of water

A

Cohesive behavior
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent

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6
Q

Most abundant group of organic compound on earth is

A

carbohydrates

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7
Q

Linear forms of polysaccharides

A

Cellulose , amylose

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8
Q

Branched forms of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen, amylopectin, hemicellulose

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9
Q

Monomer Inuline

A

Fructose

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10
Q

Monomer Pectin

A

Galacturonic acid

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11
Q

Monomer Hemicellulose

A

Pentoses

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12
Q

Monomer Chitin

A

Glucosamine

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13
Q

Proteins elemental composition is

A

C, H,O,N and S

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14
Q

2 types of secondary structure of protein

A

alpha helix
beta pleated sheet

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15
Q

examples tertiary structure

A

Most of the enzymes
Myoglobin
Albumin

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16
Q

examples Quaternary structure

A

Haemoglobin
Collagen
Immunoglobulins

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17
Q

Denaturation of proteins

A

Denaturation of protein is the loss of specific chemical three dimensional shape due to the alteration of weak chemical bonds and interactions.

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18
Q

Agents affecting the denaturation

A
  1. High temperature and high energy radiation
  2. Strong acids, alkaline and high concentrations of salts
  3. Heavy metals
  4. Organic solvents and detergents
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19
Q

Catalytic protein

A

Pepsin, Amylase

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20
Q

Structural protein

A

Keratin
Collagen

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21
Q

Storage proteins

A

Ovalbumin
Casein

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22
Q

Transport proteins

A

Haemoglobin
Serum albumin

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23
Q

Hormones- proteins

A

Insulin
Glucagon

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24
Q

Contractile/ Motor

A

Actin/Myosin

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25
Q

Defensive proteins

A

Immunoglobins

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26
Q

Functions of DNA

A

• Store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next generation
• Store the genetic information for protein synthesis

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27
Q

Least abundant type of RNA

A

Messenger RNA

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28
Q

Functions of mRNA

A

• Copies the genetic information stored in DNA molecule as a sequence of nitrogenous bases
• Transports genetic information from nucleoplasam to the site of protein synthesis (ribosome) through nucleopores

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29
Q

Smallest RNA molecule

A

Transfer RNA

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30
Q

Functions of tRNA

A

transportation of amino acids to the site of protein synthesis

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31
Q

most abundant type of RNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

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32
Q

Functions of rRNA

A

It provides the site where polypeptide chains are assembled.

33
Q

maximum magnification of light microscope is

A

1000 times the actual size of the specimen

34
Q

resolution power of light microscope is

35
Q

electron microscope should be able to
magnify objects up to

A

1×108 times. In practice, it magnifies just over 5×105
times.

36
Q

Diameter of flagella of prokaryotes

37
Q

Diameter of flagella of eukaryotes

A

200 nm
9+2 arrangement of microtubules.

38
Q

Thickness of the plasma membrane

39
Q

Difference between animal and plant cell membranes

A

Plant cell membrane lacks cholesterol
Cholesterol prevents membrane solidification at low temperatures

40
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A

Surrounds the cytoplasm physically separating the intercellular structures from the extracellular environment
Regulates the exchange of materials needed for survival
Involves in cell recognition allowing adjacent cells to communicate
Acts as receptor molecules for biochemicals such as hormones, neurotransmitters and immune proteins
Some proteins acts as enzymes while some attach to cytoskeletal fibres

41
Q

Diameter of the nucleus

42
Q

Endomembrane system includes

A

nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi ap- paratus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.

43
Q

Rough ER functions

A

• Transport protein synthesized by ribosomes
• Synthesizing glycoproteins
• Produce transport vesicles
• Facilitate the growth of own membrane by adding phospholipids proteins and carbohydrates. Therefore called as membrane factory

44
Q

Smooth ER functions

A

• It synthesizes lipids including oils, steroids and phospholipids.
• Metabolism of carbohydrates.
• Produce transport vesicles to transport within cell.
• Involves in detoxification.
• Stores Ca2+ ions

45
Q

Golgi apparatus functions

A

• Collecting, packaging and distribution of materials
• Manufacturing cellulose and non cellulose cell wall components such as pectin
• Produce lysosomes

46
Q

Lysosomes functions

A

• Digest food particles received by phagocytosis
• Transport residue material out of cell by exocytosis.
• Digest worn out organelles
• Autolysis causing cell death

47
Q

Peroxisome functions

A

• Detoxification of peroxides
• Photorespiration in plants

48
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

Specialized type of peroxisome found in fat storing plant cells and converts fatty acids into sugars.

49
Q

Mitochondria functions

A

• Synthesize ATP in aerobic respiration
• Involve in Photorespiration

50
Q

Components of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules (tubulin polymers)
Microfilaments (actin filaments)
Intermediate filaments

51
Q

Microtubule wall consist of how many columns of tubulin molecules

52
Q

The basal body of cillia and flagella has which structure

53
Q

Functions of cillia and flagella

A

• Act as locomotor appendages
• Can move fluid over the surface of the tissue
• Cilia lining in oviducts help move an egg toward the uterus

54
Q

Non membrane bounded organelles

A

Ribosomes
Centrioles

55
Q

Functions of centrioles

A

• Produce aster and spindle in cell division
Centrioles are absent in plant cells

56
Q

Composition of sap of vacuole

A

water, ions such as Potassium and Chloride and sometimes water soluble colored pigments such as anthocyanin

57
Q

Composition of stroma of chloroplast

A

circular DNA (chloroplast DNA), 70s ribosomes, many enzymes, starch granules and lipid droplets

58
Q

Functions of central vacuole

A

• Stores water and other materials such as sugars, ions and pigments.
• Maintains water balance of the cell
• Gives turgidity and support to cell.
• Produce colours in some plants with sap pigments
• Stores soluble substances needed for cellular activities.

59
Q

Pectins

A

(magnesium and calcium pectate)

60
Q

pits through which cytoplasm of adjoining cells join through

A

plasmodesmata.

61
Q

Types of cell junctions and places they are found in

A

Tight junctions - skin epithelium
Desomosomes/ Anchor junctions - Muscle tissue
Gap junctions/ Communicating junctions - heart muscles and animal embryo

62
Q

Components of the ECM

A

glycoproteins and other carbohydrates containing molecules secreted by the cells

63
Q

Most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM

64
Q

Functions of ECM

A

• Forms a protective layer over the cell surface
• Linking extra cellular matrix and cytoskeleton.
• Influences the cell behavior by Involving in the mechanical and chemical signaling.

65
Q

Functions of cell wall

A

Protection and support
Allows development of turgidity when water enters the cell
Prevents bursting of the cell during turgidity
Component of apoplast pathway
Maintains shape of the cell
Limits and control cell growth
Hold the plant up against the force of gravity

66
Q

The collagen fibers are embedded

A

In a network woven out of proteoglycan

67
Q

Collagen fibers are connected to the integral proteins of the plasma membrane through

A

Fibronectin

68
Q

Who helped bring the abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of organic compounds into the context of evolution

A

Stanley Miller

69
Q

Thiol

70
Q

Most of the glucose monomers in starch are linked by

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

71
Q

Differences between glucose monomers of starch and cellulose

A

Glucose monomers of starch are in the alpha configuration while in cellulose it is in beta configuration

72
Q

Phospho-di-ester bonds are formed between

A

the OH group of the phosphate group and the OH attached to the 3rd carbon of the pentose sugar group

73
Q

Who found out the amino acid sequence of proteins

A

Frederick Sanger

74
Q

What are chaperone proteins

A

Proteins that assist the conformational folding or unfolding of large proteins or macromolecular protein complexes

75
Q

Steroids

A

Characterised by hydrocarbon skeletons consisting of 4 fused rings

Cholesterol is synthesised in the liver

76
Q

Diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins

A

Cystic fibrosis
Mad-cow disease
Alzheimer’s
Parkinsons

77
Q

Role of microtubules

A

Maintenance of cell shape
Organelle, chromosome movement
Cell motility as in cilia and flagella

78
Q

Role of actin filaments

A

Maintenance of cell shape
Cell motility as in pseudopodia
Cytoplasmic streaming
Muscle contraction
Cleavage furrow formation

79
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Maintenance of cell shape
Anchorage of nucleus and other cell organelles
Formation of nuclear lamina

Biology (21 decks)

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