Applied Biology Flashcards
Nursey
Is a specialized place for young plant and seedlings to be produced for transplanting in another place.
Protected cultivation
Is growing crops under controlled environmental conditions
Tissue culture
Culture of free living cells or group of similar cells
Is the ability to establish plant tissues and plant organs in aseptic(sterile) in-vitro cultivation
Most common benefit of tissue culture
Cloning or mass production of genetically identical organisms
Totipotent
A single cell has the genetic programme to grow into an entire new plant
Introduced by Schleiden and Shwann
Explant
Is the short plant part which may be root tip or shoot tip having growing points used for tissue culture technique
callus
is an unorganized and undifferentiated mass of cells formed from explant when kept in nutrient medium
Causative agent in Dengue
Arbo RNA virus
Vectors of dengue
Aedes aegypti
Aedes albopictus
Symptoms of dengue
Severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pains, nausea, vomiting or skin rash.
Severe dengue
Dengue haemorrhagic fever is a potentially deadly complication due to blood plasma leaking, fluid accumulation, respiratory distress, severe bleeding or organ impairment.
Symptoms may progress to massive bleeding, very low blood pressure, shock and death.
Causative agent in Filaria
Nematode called Wucheraria bancrofti
Adults worms live in the lymphatic system for 5-6 years and microfilaria can live for 1 year
Due the blockage of the lymphatic system by adult worms lymph tends to accumulate in dependent parts of the body. E.g: hands, legs, penis, scrotum and breasts
Vectors of filaria (lays eggs on)
Culex quinquefasciatus
Unlike Aedes mosquitoes they lay eggs in polluted water
Who introduced nanotechnology
Richard Feynman
Stem cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which can give rise to new cells of the same type.
2 types of stem cells
Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells
Source of embryonic stem cells
Embryo consist of a small hollow cluster of about 100 cells known as the blastocyst. Inside the blastocyst contains a small cluster of about 30 cells known as the inner cell mass
Inner cell mass is the source of embryonic stem cells.
Speciality of ES cells
They are pluripotent (have the potential to develop into a variety of different cell types)
Sources of adult stem cells
Hemopoietic stem cells for blood
Neural stem cells for central nervous system
Epidermal cells, intestinal cells
iPSCs
Induced pluripotent stem cells
Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from adult stem cells by reprogramming them.
Applications of stem cells
Hemopoietic stem cells taken from the bone marrow of a healthy immunologically compatible donor can be used to replenish bone marrow of patients with leukemia
(Caused due to the production of abnormal white blood cells)
2 major properties of human ES cells
Can self-renew indefinitely to produce more stem cells
Under proper growth conditions can differentiate into a variety of mature cells with specialized functions
Advantages of using iPSCs over ESC
Avoids ethical concerns of obtaining hESCs
Can be produced in a patient matched manner
Uses of tissue culture
growing healthy tissues in culture media under in-vitro conditions
Studying birth defects
Many believe that in the future tissue culture can be used to treat Alzheimers, Parkinson’s, heart attacks, strokes and diabetes
