Evolution and antibiotics

Question 1

What is the primary and secondary immune response when having a vaccine?

Answer 1

Vaccine - primary immune response to antigen A occurs after a delay
Infection - (spike) secondary immune response to antigen A is faster and larger; primary immune response to antigen B is similar to that for antigen A

Question 2

What are the stages for drug development?

Answer 2

1. Drug Discovery (10,000 compounds)
2. Pre-clinical
3. Clinical Trails (Phase I, 20-100 volunteers + Phase II, 100-500 volunteers + Phase III, 1000-5000 volunteers)
4. FDA review
5. large-scale manufacturing (1 FDA approved drug)

Question 3

What is community immunity?

Answer 3

People not immunized - spread to population
Some immunized - spread to some of population
Most immunized - spread of the disease is constrained

Question 4

What is the difference between benign or malignant?

Answer 4

Benign - non-cancerous and grow slowly, localized and rarely life threatening
Malignant - cancerous and spread throughout the body, grow quickly and life threatening

Question 5

What is a crab?

Answer 5

It is cancer

Question 6

What p value makes something statistically significant?

Answer 6

P < 0.05

Question 7

What does vacca mean?

Answer 7

Cow

Question 8

What does vaccinus mean?

Answer 8

from the cow

Question 9

What type of flu is the worst?

Answer 9

Type A

Question 10

What is the longest part of drug development?

Answer 10

Clinicial trials

Question 11

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 11

growth of blood vessels from existing vasculature

Question 12

What is clonal evolution?

Answer 12

variants in tumor
+ All mutations are bad for cancer

Question 13

What is metastasis?

Answer 13

development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer

Question 14

What are the three features of cancer?

Answer 14

rapid cell replication, angiogenesis, metastasis

Question 15

What is evolution?

Answer 15

variance and selection