Drugs3 Flashcards
What’s the purpose of slide 2?
How we can change our perception and sensation of things
Pain is made up by your mind and it is only real when your brain says it is
Sensation is caused by the light hitting the picture then going through the cortex
What are the ranges of temperature receptors?
Cold receptors (10-40 C)
Heat receptors (32–48 C)
What do nociceptors do? And what happens if a human does not have nociceptors?
Nociceptors allows our brain to suggest pain when it is outside of the temperature range
The signals that would typically generate pain won’t go to the brain and you won’t be able to perceive pain
*How does the pain pathway and pain medication work in relation to opioids and anesthetics?
Tiger + Human: foot gets hurt –> signal sent to spinal cord –> brain –> releasing enkephalin (pain reliever - fight or die)
*What are some highly potent opioids (etorphine, carfentanil, and fentanyl) , and their relative potency compared to morphine?
How much stronger is etorphine in comparison to morphine?
2000x stronger morphine
How much stronger is carfentanil in comparison to morphine?
10,000x stronger than morphine
How much stronger is fentanyl in comparison
100x to morphine
What do the neurotransmitters dopamine, β-Endorphin, enkephalin do in the human body?
Dopamine releases happiness, endorphin releases happiness, enkephalin releases pain relief
How does the brain reward circuitry work?
Ventral tegmental area -> you have dopamine -> GABA (limits your dopamine) -> connecting to cortex (making you happy)
Morphine will block GABA causing dopamine booster
Explain the desensitization and withdrawal work with a drug on the brain.
+drug: drugs takes an effect (bolded line)
+drug + time: desensitization
- drug removed: withdrawal
What’s so important about fugu and what produces tetrodotoxin?
Tetrodotoxin produces a tingling sensation in your lips and can make you die due to signals being sent to your diaphragm to stop breathing
Pufferfish and blue ring octopus produce tetrodotoxin
How does caffeine keep you awake?
Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist that blocks the effects of adenosine (makes us sleepy)
- Is is another molecule preventing you from sleeping
How does cocaine work?
Cocaine is a local anesthetic
*How do crack cocaine and powder cocaine differ?
Difference is their appearance and how it is administered
*How do pseudoephedrine and methamphetamine differ? How do you make methamphetamine?
From pseudo → meth
It changes from OH to H (Reduced to hydrogen)
Advil + Hydraulic Acid
Which drug probably results in the largest release of dopamine?
Meth
Which drug have we tried to make an antibody against?
Cocaine
What are 3 effects of psychedelics?
Panic and hurt yourself accidentally
Psychosis - detachment with reality
You can’t overdose
What are some examples of psychedelics?
Shrooms and acids
Where is salicylic acid derived from and what is its purpose?
It is derived from a white willow + removes headache
What is the range of strength from these varying drugs from lowest to highest?
Aspirin (weakest), morphine, and fentanyl
What is the difference between morphine and heroin?
Morphine is natural while heroin is made in a lab
What is the effect of morphine?
It alleviates pain and makes you happy
What is the purpose of a brief guide to selected common painkillers and what are the drugs relative to?
It is intended to show the difference in potency of drugs and they are relative to fentanyl
What is etorphine and carfentanil used for?
Etorphine: large animal surgeries
Moscow: releasing fentanyl sleeping gas killing terrorists and hostages
What is the most important molecule in the world?
The most important molecule in the world is dopamine
What are the 2 main reasons for being addicted to drugs?
The 2 main reasons for being addicted to drugs is happiness and avoid withdrawal
What are the effects of krokodil?
Krokodil makes your skin look like a crocodile
How is krokodil caused?
It occurs from morphine or heroin, when it isn’t purified causing destroyed tissue
What did Coca Cola put in their drinks in the past and current?
Coca Cola used to put cocaine in the past
Coca Cola uses caffeine now
What is a common drug that can be used to create methamphetamine?
Advil + hydraulic acid
What are potential disadvantages to making methamphetamine at home?
Methamphetamine is explosive and can set a house on fire
What is the most powerful natural hallucinogen and is it legal?
Salvia divinorum
It is legal in CA
*What is the GABA receptor?
GABAa (neurotransmitter) + GABA (receptor)
When you open up GABA, chloride - electrical activity decreases - xanax (opens GABAa only a little) –> anesthesia (opens GABAa more) –> barbiturate (opens so much you die)
Xanax + alcohol = death
