Drugs2 Flashcards
*Be able to list the general function of the human body systems mentioned in the slides (circulatory system & nervous system)
Circulatory system: every time the heart squeezes, blood sent to the lungs, releasing Co2 and entering oxygen
Nervous system: sensory input (senses interpreting image) –> integration (brain processing) –> motor output (body performing action)
*Be able to explain the central nervous system and define the function of the brain, neurons, and information flow through the neurons.
Central nervous system: includes our brain and spinal cord
Peripheral: all the nerves that exit the spine
*Explain how neurotransmitters work in the nervous system
Neurotransmitters allow neurons to communicate and sends signals to each other through neurotransmitters
Dendrites: collects electrical signals
Cell body: integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signal to axon
Axon: passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell or to an effector cell
What does ADME stand for?
Absorption in stomach, distribution in blood, metabolism in liver, excretion in pee
Explain the relationship between drug concentration vs time.
Drug enters into the stomach → reaching a high peak → then declines through metabolism and excretion
*What is the therapeutic window?
It is a certain blood concentration for anything to occur
Why is grapefruit potentially dangerous?
Simvastatin gets metabolized in enzyme, but grapefruits inhibits enzyme
*What are similarities and differences with agonists and antagonists?
Agonists: bind to receptor + activates something
Antagonists: binds to receptor + stops/blocks something
Similarities: binds to a receptor
What does the dose-response curve look like?
The dose-response curve looks like an S shaped with low dose
More drugs will reflect a greater physiological response, but it will reach a point that levels off
What is meant by the affinity, potency, or efficacy of a drug?
Affinity is how well the drug binds to the target
Potency is the amount of drug necessary to elicit a response
Efficacy is the drug’s ability to produce the maximal response (how well it works)
Based on a the house what does each component represent? (i.e. mortar + window)
The house = the human body
Mortar = proteins between the cell
Window + door = extracellular tissue
Bricks = the cells
How many senses do we have?
21-22
What are the five senses?
Touch, sight, taste, hear, and smell
*What does the pancreas do?
It makes insulin
*What does the skeletal muscle do?
The skeletal muscle allows our bones to move and stand up
*What does the smooth muscle do?
Intestines that squeeze
What does our liver do and what do pharmaceutical company do to drugs because of the liver?
The pharmaceutical will give double the dosage because the liver will destroy half of it
What is the difference between a mouse and human brain? What is a pro for a human brain?
Mouse: smooth
Human: lumpy; more surface area to store info
True or False - do we use only 10% of our brain?
False, the brain is composed of 10% neuron, the remaining are glial (support cells) and actual processing
What is the function of glutamate & what % is utilized?
Glutamate is the primary neurotransmitter that tells our brain to do something
90% of neurotransmitters depend on this
Why is the MSG myth of causing seizures false?
Our blood brain barrier protects brain from toxin and MSG can’t get through this –> not damaging our brain
What is the function of GABA and what % is utilized?
The function of GABA (inhibitory) is to tell your brain to not do something
GABA is used 10% of the time
What is the most important molecule in the world and why?
Dopamine because it makes us happy and drives us
What is glycine?
Glycine is a muscle relaxant
What is ACH?
ACH squeezes our muscles
What is happening to the woman getting botox?
If a can is bulging, there is a protein
By modifying the protein, you can inject it into the brain with glycine stops ACH
This will allow the brain to no longer squeeze
Preventing wrinkles
What is happening to the guy experiencing a tetanospasmin?
He can’t release glycine and only ACH, keep on staying stiff
There is an increase firing rate of motor neurons causing muscles to stiffen and spasm
What is happening to the Asian guy?
The guy was responsible for a terrorist attack by releasing a gas
The gas would’ve caused a similar reaction of tetanospasmin
Releasing ACH - -> squeezing
What is the importance of the white flower plant?
It is like glycine and is a muscle relaxant that stops your diaphragm
What is the importance of the bed and what are the forms of lethal injection?
The bed is a form of capital punishment through lethal injection
Potassium chloride - Heart stop
Muscle relaxant to make the diaphragm stop squeezing
Barbiturate - will tell brain to stop sending signals to the diaphragm
What are the various types of injections?
IV: The IV goes into your blood through your veins; heroin
Intramuscular: inject in muscle; COVID
Intradermal: under skin
Subcutaneous: fat
IP: only with animals in between organs
Why are drugs water soluble?
Your drug is able to metabolize so it doesn’t enter your brain and only your blood then excretion so you can pee
What is St John’s Wort used to treat?
Depression
Is there such thing as a true antagonist?
There is no such thing as a true antagonist because it has some activity
What does the dose-response curve for alcohol look like?
It looks s shaped, but it isn’t direct shaped
What type of drugs cause a u-shaped dose response curve?
Vitamins and hormones cause a u-shaped dose response curve
*What is typically a considered an unconscious sense?
Blood pressure
*What is the concept of half life and potency?
Half life: is how long the opioid takes to leave the body
Potency: how strong the drugs is
