Evolution

Question 1

adaptation

Answer 1

biological traits that help an individual to survive and reproduce

Question 2

human eye

Answer 2

allows you to recognize and respond to the things around young

Question 3

raccoons

Answer 3

primarily nocturnal and have good night vision and their front paws are very sensitive to help them detect food vs nonfood

Question 4

bats

Answer 4

can navigate at night with echolocation

Question 5

adaptive functions

Answer 5

refers to mental activity, movement control, attraction to certain stimuli, language, etc.

Question 6

3 components of natural selection

Answer 6

individual differences
differential reproduction
heritability

Question 7

Natural Selection

Answer 7

• differential survival and reproduction of organisms as a result of the heritable differences between them
• Darwin

Question 8

_____ traits are passed down to offspring

Answer 8

favourable

Question 9

stabilizing selection

Answer 9

selection against any sort of trait that is dissimilar from species typical adaptive design

Question 10

darwins finches

Answer 10

rapid evolutionary change, natural selection over a generation causes change in beak size to adapt to food availability

Question 11

fitness

Answer 11

one’s ability to reproduce and leave copies of their genes in subsequent generations

Question 12

sexual selection

Answer 12

type of natural selection that selects for traits that will increase likelihood of reproducing

Question 13

peacock

Answer 13

• female choice
• males have tail
• females use judge and select a mate
• energy expensive to produce
• increases risk of dying
• females discriminate between males based on their tail symmetry and number of eye spots

Question 14

deer

Answer 14

• success in combat

- males use antlers to fight, winner of fight mates with a harem of females

Question 15

signs of sexually selected traits

Answer 15

• differs between sexes

- specific to breeding season

Question 16

mate choice preferences

Answer 16

females are attracted to males whose traits convey that their offspring will be strong and healthy

Question 17

species specific behaviour

Answer 17

• physical form
• habits
• group size
• social systems

Question 18

selectively breeding animals

Answer 18

keep animals in captivity to breed them and pass on specific behaviours

Question 19

honey bees

Answer 19

• don’t have reproductive organs
• die defending colony
• only queen bee reproduces

Question 20

ground squirrels

Answer 20

• individuals often warn others of predators by drawing attention to themselves

Question 21

selfish gene

Answer 21

natural selection will favour gene complexes that best serve their own interest

Question 22

4 types of social behaviour

Answer 22

• cooperation (+’ve actor, +’ve recipient)
• alturism (-‘ve actor, +’ve recipient)
• selfish(+’ve actor, -‘ve recipient)
• spite (-‘ ve actor, -‘ve recipient)

Question 23

alturism

Answer 23

practice of helping others to survive and reproduce at a cost of yourself

Question 24

lemmings

Answer 24

altruistic, commit suicide when group too large

Question 25

direct fitness

Answer 25

individual genetic contribution from personal reproduction

Question 26

indirect fitness

Answer 26

individuals genetic contribution through the reproduction of close genetic relatives

Question 27

inclusive fitness

Answer 27

direct + indirect fitness

Question 28

Hamilton’s rule

Answer 28

rB>C

Question 29

parent

Answer 29

0.5

Question 30

sibling

Answer 30

0.5

Question 31

0.5 sibling

Answer 31

0.25

Question 32

aunt / uncle

Answer 32

0.25

Question 33

cousin

Answer 33

0.125

Question 34

abuse

Answer 34

genetic relatives are less likely to be victims

Question 35

alarm calls

Answer 35

• female belding ground squirrels

- altruistic warning

Question 36

direct reciprocity

Answer 36

help each other

both benefit

Question 37

indirect reciprocity

Answer 37

individuals who help others who have helped others

Question 38

phenotypic matching

Answer 38

an evaluation of the relatedness between individuals based on an assessment of their phenotypic similarities