Audition

Question 1

human Audible zone

Answer 1

20-2000 Hz

Question 2

Amplitude

Answer 2

• increased amplitude = increased volume
• normal ~60db
• whisper 30 db
• concert 120 db

Question 3

Frequency

Answer 3

• hight frequency = higher pitch

Question 4

purity

Answer 4

higher purity = lower timbre (complexity)

Question 5

General areas of ear

Answer 5

outer, middle, inner

Question 6

part of the external ear

Answer 6

pinna, ear canal, ear drum

Question 7

pinna

Answer 7

collects sound waves from environment and directs to ear

Question 8

ear canal

Answer 8

narrows as moves towards eardrum, amplifies sounds waves

Question 9

eardrum

Answer 9

• the thin membrane that vibrates at the frequency of incoming waves
• beginning of auditory processing
• dense air: push inward
• less dense air: push outward

Question 10

Parts of the middle ear

Answer 10

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Question 11

Hammer

Answer 11

connected to eardrum projects to anvil

Question 12

Anvil

Answer 12

projects to stirrup

Question 13

Stirrup

Answer 13

projects onto the oval window

Question 14

Parts of the inner ear

Answer 14

oval window, choclea, basilar membrane

Question 15

oval window

Answer 15

opening on side of cohclea when vibrates causes the fluid to be displaced

Question 16

choclea

Answer 16

• fluid filled tube

- 35mm long and coiled

Question 17

basilar membrane

Answer 17

runs length of choclea, fluid movement pushes membrane downward
narrowed near the oval window, wider at the apex
low frequency > vibrates by the apex
medium frequency > vibrates in middle
high frequency > vibrates near oval window

Question 18

hair cells

Answer 18

translate the movement in the basilar membran into neural signals the brain can understand

Question 19

inner hair cells

Answer 19

• less numerous
• more connection to the brain
• faster
• primarily responsible
• thick and myelinated

Question 20

outer hair cells

Answer 20

• more numerous
• fewer connections to the brain
• slower
• thin and unmyelinated

Question 21

tonotopic organization

Answer 21

maintains frequency information at all levels along auditory system

Question 22

localization

Answer 22

rely on interneural cues

in superior olivary complex

Question 23

time of incoming sound

Answer 23

takes longer to get to one ear over the other

Question 24

intensity differences between ears

Answer 24

detectable loss of intensity

sound shadow: for far sounds

Question 25

pinna cues

Answer 25

help localize elevation

if altered will disorient localization

Question 26

echolocation

Answer 26

how bats navigate their environment

Question 27

co-evolution

Answer 27

predators and prey co-evolve complementary adaptation to each other to increase survival and fitness (moths can hear higher frequencies not so can hear bats calls)