Eukaryotic cells

Question 1

what is animal cell composed of

Answer 1

-plasma membrane
-ribosomes
-nucleus
-centrioles
-lysosomes
-flagella
-mitochondria
-Endoplasmic reticulum (rough, smooth)
-Golgi apparatus
-Cytoskeleton
-nucleolus

Question 2

what is a plant cell composed of

Answer 2

-plasma membrane
-cell wall
-vacuole
-tonoplast
-chloroplasts
-mitochondria
-Golgi apparatus
-Endoplasmic reticulum (rough, smooth)
-cytoskeleton
-nucleus
-ribosomes

Question 3

nucleus

Answer 3

-DNA, heritable material
-DNA + protein = chromatin
-Perforated by pores = tightly controlled
-Surrounded by a double nuclear membrane

Question 4

cell wall

Answer 4

-Provides cell support
-Limits cell expansion and shape change
-Found in Plant and fungi cells
-made of polysaccharides
-rigid structure outside plasma membrane

Question 5

mitochondria

Answer 5

-site of respiration (harvests energy from food molecules)
-2 membranes: outer is smooth, inner is folded into cristae
-semi-autonomous: with own DNA and ribosomes for protein synthesis
-increase surface area for energy productions, location of energy making proteins

Question 6

cytoskeleton

Answer 6

-provides cell shape, support, movement
-allows animals to adapt shapes and move dynamically
-essential for cell division in eukaryotes
-cytoskeleton rearrangement helps macrophages in engulfing bacteria
Dynamic set of filaments:
-microtubules
-intermediate filaments
-microfilaments

Question 7

Ribosomes

Answer 7

-perform protein synthesis
-composed of small and large subunits
-read mRNA and produce proteins (translation)
-found free in cytoplasm and attached to rough ER

Question 8

Cell wall

Answer 8

-provides cell support
-limits cell expansion and shape change
-made of polysaccharides
-rigid structure outside plasma membrane
-found in plant and fungi cells

Question 9

vacuole

Answer 9

-acts as storage (stores water, ions, pigments, toxins)
-pushes chloroplast closer to light by moving against cellular membrane
-regulates cytoplasmic pH to maintain turgor pressure

Question 10

golgi body

Answer 10

processes modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport within the cell or secretion outside the cell

Question 11

Rough ER

Answer 11

-harbours ribosomes (harvests energy from food molecules)
1. Proteins synthesised at rough ER at chemically modified (sugars/phosphates added)
-Modified proteins are then packaged into transport vesicles and sent to golgi endomembrane system

Question 12

Smooth ER

Answer 12

-no ribosomes
-instead synthesises lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids for the production of cell membranes
-synthesises steroid hormones in certain cell types (e.g. testorone)
-In liver, detoxifies drugs

Question 13

Chloroplasts

Answer 13

-site of photosynthesis containing chlorophyll
-3 membranes: outer, inner and thylakoid
-inner surrounds stroma with enzymes, ribosomes and DNA and thylakoids (stack is granum)
-thylakoid membranes have machinery like chlorophyll that converts energy to photosynthesis