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BIOM1070 > Anatomy of the Central Nervous System (CNS) > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Central Nervous System (CNS) Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system divided into two major anatomical divisions

A

-central nervous system (CNS)
-Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

Cells of the nervous system - neurons

A

-excitable cells that transmit electrical signals for communication via synapses
-basic functional unit of the nervous system

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3
Q

Cells of the nervous system - neuroglia

A

-Support and insulate

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4
Q

Grey matter

A

Cell bodies (somas) and dendrites

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5
Q

Differences between grey and white matter

A

–>In the spinal cord, white matter is the external layer surrounding the grey core

–>In the brain, white matter is buried under the grey surface, carrying signals across different parts of the brain.

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6
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons/fibres

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7
Q

Major regions of the brain

A

-Cerebral hemisphere
-Diencephalon
-Cerebellum
-brain stem

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8
Q

hemispheres in cerebrum

A

left and right hemispheres are separated by the longitudinal fissure

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9
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes

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10
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Site of the motor cortex

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11
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Site of the primary sensory cortex

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12
Q

Sulci

A

Depressions (shallow groove)

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13
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges (elevated regions)

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14
Q

Fissures

A

Deep groove

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15
Q

Functions of the Cerebrum

A

-Sensation
-Conscious though and intellect
-Memory
-Complex movements

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16
Q

What is the cerebrum composed of?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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17
Q

Frontal

A

Primary motor area
(voluntary movements - precentral gyrus)

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18
Q

Parietal

A

Primary somatosensory area (postcentral gyrus)

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19
Q

Temporal

A

Primary auditory cortex (hearing)

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20
Q

Occipital

A

Primary visual cortex (seeing)

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21
Q

What are the 3 primary regions of the hemispheres (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)

A

-Cerebral cortex
-Internal white matter
-Basal nuclei

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22
Q

What does each hemisphere do?

A

Each hemisphere receives and sends information from/to the contralateral side of the body –> there are some exceptions.
-hemispheres are not the same: lateralisation

23
Q

Cerebral cortex has 3 types of functional areas, what are they?

A

Motor areas
Sensory areas
Association areas

24
Q

Motor areas

A

controls voluntary movement

25
Q

Sensory areas

A

Conscious awareness of sensation

26
Q

Association areas

A

multiple inputs and outputs - like relay stations that connect MA and SA

27
Q

White matter: 3 types of fibres

A

-Association fibres
-Commissural fibres
-Projection fibres

28
Q

Projection fibres

A

Vertical tracts connect the cerebral cortex with subcortical structures, allowing sensory information to enter and motor commands to exit through these fibres

29
Q

Association fibres

A

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

30
Q

Commissural fibres

A

connect grey areas of two different hemispheres –> corpus callosum connects them (largest white matter structure)

31
Q

Basal nuclei

A

-Functional group of grey matter deep in the cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain

–>receive input from entire cerebral cortex
–>Involved in control of skeletal muscle, cognition, and emotion

32
Q

What is the Diencephalon composed of

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

33
Q

Thalamus

A

many groups of nuclei that relays senses, controls access to the brain
-links to movement and emotions and surrounds 3rd ventricle

34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Manages homeostasis, emotions, body temp, food intake, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, control of hormones

35
Q

Epithalamus

A

Pineal gland (melatonin), day/night cycles

36
Q

What is the brainstem composed of

A

Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Pons
Medulla oblongata

37
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

A

Contains nuclei for visual/auditory information and controls reflexes associated with these senses

38
Q

Pons

A

contains ascending, descending, and transverse tracts that link to the cerebellum and play a role in controlling respiration.

39
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

-Most inferior, joins to spinal cord at foramen magnum of skull
-is the autonomic reflex centre: heart rate, respiratory rhythms, hiccup, vomit, swallowing, coughing

40
Q

Cerebellum (‘little brain’)

A

-second largest brain structure
-hemispheres connected by the vermis
-connected to the brainstem via the cerebellar peduncles
-responsible for coordinating movement and balance
-happens subconsciously - we are not aware

41
Q

Features of the spinal cord

A

-Ends at the conus medullaris
-Filum Terminale: extends from conus medullaris
-Cauda equina: spinal nerve roots

42
Q

Spinal cord function

A
  • Provides two-way communication to and from brain and body
    -Major reflex centre
43
Q

Spinal nerve connects to?

A

Connects to the spinal cord via roots:
-Dorsal root –> sensory
-Ventral root –> motor

44
Q

Protecting the CNS -meninges

A

Dura mater (superficial)
Arachnoid mater (middle)
Pia mater (deep)

45
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

-Layer around brain/spinal cord
- has Strands (trabeculae) attach to pia mater
- Filled with cerebrospinal fluid for support and cushioning

46
Q

Dura mater

A

-Double layer
-Outer layer attached to skull
-Has blood-filled spaces (dural venous sinuses)
-Creates folds

47
Q

Pia mater

A

-Follows brain’s folds (gyri and sulci)
-Full of tiny blood vessels

48
Q

Protecting the CNS- the blood brain barrier

A

-Protects brain from harmful substances and pathogens
-Selectively blocks many substances from entering the brain

49
Q

Protecting the CNS - Cerebrospinal fluid

A

-Protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries
-Carries oxygen, glucose, and other important substances from the blood to nervous tissue cells

50
Q

Ventricles

A

-Lateral ventricles (x2 one in each hemisphere)
-3rd ventricle (in diencephalon)
-4th ventricle (between pons, medulla and cerebellum)

51
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Found on roof of ventricles and produces CSF - cerebrospinal fluid

52
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

-Brain slowly degenerates, causing memory loss (dementia)
-Forms harmful tangles and plaques in the brain

53
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

-Loss of dopamine neurons in the brain
-Causes overactive brain areas, leading to tremors

BIOM1070 (19 decks)

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