Carbon and macromolecules

Question 1

Carbohydrates ‘sugars’

Answer 1

• each carbohy. molecules contains a carbon molecule with a double-bonded oxygen
  -contain C, H, and O (hydrates of carbon, CH2O)
  -structural component in plants
  -hydrophilic molecules
  -sugars exist as a carbon skeleton with an OH group attached to each carbon
  -energy source (e.g. glucose and storage polymers)

Question 2

Lipids

Answer 2

-insulation and protection
-hormone production
-cholesterol and other steroids are lipids
-hydrophobic molecules (contain mostly C and H atoms)
-digestion and absorption
-fatty acids are found in lipids -> form parts of fat and oils
-sugar polymers -> used for storage of monomers and for structural components

Question 3

monomers

Answer 3

molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

Question 4

Proteins

Answer 4

-Made from amino acids
-enzymes that carry out almost all reactions in a cell
-contain N, H, O, C
-3 main groups of side chains:
Hydrophobic e.g. leucine
Hydrophilic e.g. tyrosine
Electrically charged (+/-) e.g. acidic (-ve) Aspartic acid, basic (+ve) lysine

Question 5

The protein structure names

Answer 5

1. Primary structure
2. Secondary structure
3. tertiary structure
4. Quaternary structure

Question 6

Primary structure

Answer 6

linear chain of amino acids

Question 7

Secondary structure

Answer 7

regions stabilised by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
-> interactions between ‘head groups’ support secondary protein structure

Question 8

Tertiary structure

Answer 8

3D shape stabilised by interactions between side chains

Question 9

Quaternary structure

Answer 9

Association of 2 or more polypeptides (some proteins only)
-> interactions between amino acid sidechains support tertiary structure