ETHICS Flashcards
According to (?), ethics originated from the Greek word ethos, which
means custom, characteristic, or habitual way of doing things, or action that is properly derived
from one’s character.
Pasco, et al., (2018)
It is also connected with another Greek word ēthikos, which means??
characteristic, customary, or habitual.
what is the plural of mos and moris??
mores
Therefore, by etymology, ethical and
moral are??
synonymous
T or F
the origin of the adjective moral is equivalent to ethos.
T
For (?), ethics is a normative science of the conduct of human beings living in
societies. It judges conduct as right or wrong, good or bad
Lilie(1957)
For (?), ethics is concerned about men’s habits and customs. It seeks the
underlying principles behind these habitual acts, and investigates what constitutes the
rightness or wrongness of these principles, the good or evil of these habits.
Mackenzie (1901)
For (?), ethics is both a normative and a practical science that is based
on reason. It studies human conduct and provides norms for its natural integrity and
honesty. (p.8)
Montemayor (1994)
For (?), ethics for Filipino students is philosophy of human action that
enables them to learn the art of living. (p.19)
Pasco, et al., (2018)
As a branch of philosophy, ethics can be divided into??
Normative, Metaethics, and Applied
ethics.
, is concerned on the various theories that serves as the basis of moral rules that governs behavior. Its scope of inquiry includes asking the reasons
behind as to why or why not a particular act should be committed.
normative ethics
it attempts to answer non-moral questions about morality. Its primary concern is the study
of meanings and the various epistemological foundations of moral statements
metaethics
is the field that deals with clear and specific moral questions. It is the branch of ethics that
primarily deals with ethical situations and questions regarding abortion, cloning, and other
moral issues
applied
ethics
who is the proponent of football analogy?
Mark Dimock and Andrew Fisher.
They compared an applied ethicist to that of a
football player. When he kicks the ball, there is a possibility that he might score a goal. In this
sense, an applied ethicist can score a goal by offering sound and rational arguments. If he is
able to convince someone to change his moral perspectives, then it counts as a goal.
football analogy
in the football analogy who serves as the referee?
normative ethicist
is concerned with setting up the rules to be
followed in playing the game.
normative ethicist
in the football analogy what is the role of the metaethics? Instead of playing the game themselves, they provide comments and
judgments as the game is being played
football commentator
Our sense of
morality, which stems from traditionally accepted and established ethical norms are being (?), (?) and (?)
questioned, scrutinized, and undermined.
why does it is relevant the ethical problems that we encounter?
because it affect our daily life
both requires a deep understanding of the basic principles that govern and guide human action, and living a life that is responsible for everyone’s welfare.
truly moral life
(?) attempts to find out the truth about the
rightness or wrongness of human conduct
Ethics
T or F
The problems confronting humankind can be traced to our irresponsibility and neglect
for the most basic human value, our dignity as a human person
T
is a code of what is right or wrong without reference to specific behaviors or
beliefs (Lynn, 1997). It deals with matters that the person thinks have serious consequence and
is based on good reason and impartial considerations overriding self-interest.
MORAL STANDARD
- can be considered as relative standards by which something or someone is judged as either good or bad
- vary because these rules depend on the guidelines agreed by a particular group.
NON MORAL STANDARDS
- It is a set of rules on how an individual should responsibly behave in the society.
e.g Table manners such as the proper use of utensils and the proper manner of eating
Etiquette
It is a clear, simple statement of how an organization plans to handle its services,
actions, or business.
e.g wearing of school uniform and ID.
Policy
is a rule created and enforced by the government and its agencies to maintain
order, resolve disputes, and protect a person’s liberty and rights.
Law
It is a rule that is to be strictly observed because it was said to be set by a divine entity
such as those in the Ten Commandments (Stahl, 2009).
Commandment
is characteristically defined as a situation wherein a moral agent has two choose between two actions with two conflicting moral situations, none of which
nullifies or overrides each other
moral dilemma
A moral dilemma is a situation where:
a. there are two or more
actions that you can possibly do,
b. there is a moral reason(s) for doing such actions,
c. you
cannot do all the possible actions presented to you
a renowned existentialist, gave a famous example of a moral dilemma, whose resolution is quite obscure to ethicists
Jean Paul Sartre
Three Levels of Moral Dilemma
- Personal Moral Dilemma
- Organizational dilemma
- Structural moral dilemma
According to (?), the fundamental difference between animal and
human ethics is that animals behave instinctively while human behaviour is rational.
St. Thomas Aquinas (Why only human beings can be ethical?)
It is a decision making process where the person acts in ways that best achieve his or her needs in accordance with his or her set preferences, priorities, and principles.
Rational Behavior
A human person is a being with inborn properties that he or she uses to direct his or her
own development toward self-fulfillment. One of the inborn properties of the human person is
freedom.
The Human person as free being
who is the proponent of Freedom is a gift from God. It is the ability to make significant choices, and not
just arbitrary (not important) choices.
Gabriel Marcel
who is the proponent of Freedom is Complementary to Reason – freedom without reason is not freedom
at all. Freedom to achieve one purpose in life needs reason to fulfill it, in other words,
self-direction
Aristotle
who is the proponent of Freedom is Absolute – we are so free that even “not choosing” is a choice.
Freedom demands responsibility
Jean Paul Sartre
Why is ethics connected with human actions?
ethics is all about determining the morality of human conduct
it is the standard upon which we base the rightness or wrongness of a human action.
Morality
it seeks to investigate the motive, the circumstances and the very nature of the act itself in
order to judge a human action as right or wrong.
Ethics
Montemayor (1994) defines human acts as:
- Voluntary (free) acts of man.
- Acts done with knowledge and consent.
- Acts which are proper to man which is acted with knowledge and freedom of the will.
- Acts which man is conscious, under his control, and for which man is responsible of it.
- Acts which man is the master, as man has the power and control of doing and not doing
as he pleases.
Human acts, therefore, are actions done with??
KNOWLEDGE, FREEDOM, and VOLUNTARINESS
- Has intellectual knowledge of the act;
- When the doer is conscious and aware of the reason and the
KNOWLEDGE
- When the doer acts on its own initiative and choice without being
forced to do so
FREEDOM
An act is done voluntarily or willfully when the doer
approves/consents to the act and owning it as its own.
- It requires knowledge and freedom
VOLUNTARINESS
according to our school’s regulation, (?) is an act of dishonesty, hence, it is not tolerated and permitted in any form (KNOWLEDGE).
cheating
acts of man are actions done according to our biological and
physiological make up. It is instinctive, involuntary, and not within the control of the will (Agapay,
1991).
e.g. Breathing, digestion, sweating, snoring, sneezing, and the like.
acts of man
who is the Father of Sociology?
Emile Durkheim
is a complex phenomenon
culture
who stated asserted that culture has the power over
individuals to create beliefs such as belief in God.
Emile Durkheim
who is the Father of cultural anthropology?
Edward Taylor
(?) includes language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and
even material objects that are passed from one generation to another.
Culture
5 Basic Elements of Culture
SYMBOLS
LANGUAGE
BELIEFS
VALUES
NORMS
it can be anything that a group of people find
meaningful.
Ex: in religious group, the cross is a symbol for Christianity while the crescent is for Islam.
SYMBOLS
is a complex symbol system that enable human beings to communicate either verbally
or through writing.
LANGUAGE
are assumptions or convictions held to be true or by an individual or a group of people. These assumption/convictions could be about events, people or things.
Ex. Ancient civilizations attributed events to spirits and gods.
BELIEFS
are culturally acceptable standard of behavior. It is what a person considers important or
beneficial in life
VALUES
is an informal guideline by a particular group of people or social unit about what is
considered is normal or correct/incorrect social behavior.
NORMS
The Filipino norm in relating to other people to other people is to get along well with others, even with complete strangers. This Filipino traits called (?)
“pakikisama”.
is “concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior or the goodness
and badness of the human character”.
MORAL
is defined as “the mental and moral qualities
distinct to an individual”
CHARACTER
refers to the “existence (or lack of) virtues such as
integrity, courage, fortitude, honest and loyal”
MORAL CHARACTER
The heart of compassion
Jen
The heart of righteousness, which leads to??
Yi
The heart of propriety, which leads to?
Li
The heart of wisdom, which leads to??
Zhi
The four beginnings in Confucian traditions are:
The heart of compassion, which leads to Jen
The heart of righteousness, which leads to Yi
The heart of propriety, which leads to Li
The heart of wisdom, which leads to Zhi.
is an approach that reduces the emphasis on rules, consequence and particular acts??
Virtue ethics
what does virtue ethics focus of a person?
quality
who identified virtue ethics?
Aristotle
is equivalent to excellence. A person of virtue is someone who performs
the distinctive activity of being human well.
Virtue for Greeks
The principle of being virtuous is called??
“DOCTRINE
OF THE GOLDEN MEAN”
who was the proponent of Kohlberg’s Theory
Lawrence Kohlberg
is theory holds the moral reasoning, which is the basis for ethical behavior, has identifiable development stages and each become more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas as the person progress from one stage to the next.
Kohlberg’s Theory
Three Broad Levels are;
Level I: Pre-conventional morality
Level II: Conventional Morality
Level III: Post Conventional
who first person who used the term Cultural Relativism?
Alain Locke
it explains why one behavior or practice is completely acceptable by a particular group of people, while it is wrong in another.
Cultural relativism
- A tendency to use our own group’s ways of doing things as a yardstick for judging
others
Ethnocentrism
3 universal values shared by all cultures are;
Caring for the young
Murder is wrong
Tell the truth
who said that The Filipino culture is mix of both Eastern and Western culture. The beliefs and traditions
of pre-colonial. Philippines was mainly indigenous Malay heritage.
(Baringer, 2006)
who wrote the strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino character are rooted in
factors such as;
Dr. Patricia B. Licuanan (Psychologist, educator and former Chairperson of the Commission
on Higher Education)
10 filipino way
- The home environment
- The social environment
- Culture and language
- History
- The educational system
- Religion
- The economic environment
- The political environment
- Mass media, and
- Leadership and role models
The Filipino traits listed here is certainly not exhaustive, but those are what we have in
common the most.
Strengths of the Filipino Character
The areas that need improvement in order to grow and develop as a person
Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
who was the proponent of “Theory of the Mind”
David Hume
- Reason alone cannot be a motive to the will, but rather is the “slave of the passions”.
David Hume’s Ethics: “Theory of the Mind”
According to
Hume’s “Theory of Mind”, humans have what he called (?) (which he used to describe
emotions or feelings)
passions
passions are caused directly by the sensation of pain and pleasure; the passion that
arises immediately from good or evil, from pain or pleasure
Direct
Classification of Passion:
direct passion and indirect passion
- it is also an example of direction passion
- is a direct passion because it is an immediate response to the pleasure we expect to
feel.
Desire
passions are caused by the sensation of pain and pleasure derived from some idea of impression
indirect passion
- it is an example of direct passion
-is a passion that emanated from the pleasure you get for possessing something
admirable (it could be intellect, physique, property, family, ect.)
pride
sought to know what comprised the structures of consciousness, including that of
mental acts such as feeling, thinking, resolve, etc.- as well as the inherent objects or correlates of
these mental acts such as values, concepts, and plans (Frings, 2013).
Scheler and the Philosophy of Feelings
who was the proponent of Scheler and the Philosophy of Feelings?
Max Ferdinand Scheler’s
philosophy
who asserted that emotions/feelings are inherent, objective, and it exists even if you have not
experienced it before (a priori).
Scheler
Involve bodily pleasure or pain
Sensual Feelings
Life functions such as health,
sickness, energy, fatigue, etc.
Vital Feelings
About aesthetics, justice and
knowledge (scientific).
Psychic Feelings
About divinity; Holiness or
unholiness
Spiritual Feelings
who asserted that in moral reasoning, you could
not rely on your feelings no matter how powerful these feelings may be
Professor Dr. James Rachels
it means the act was intentional, planned, with conscious effort.
Deliberate
is the contrary term that denotes spontaneous actions. It is doing something without thinking it
through.
Non-deliberate
7 STEP MORAL REASONING PROCESS
- Gather the Facts
- Identify the Stakeholders
- Articulate the Dilemma
- List the Alternatives
- Compare the Alternatives with the Principles
- Weigh the Consequence
- Make a Decision
Do not jump to conclusions. Ask questions (who, what, where, when, how and why).
- Gather the Facts
Identify all the persons involved and will be affected in an ethical situation.
- Identify the Stakeholders
Once you have gathered the facts and identified the stakeholders, it is important that
you express the ethical dilemma.
- Articulate the Dilemma
Think creatively about potential actions, as they may be choices you neglected. This will
help ensure that you have not been pushed back into a corner.
- List the Alternatives
In decision-making, specify the relevant values that you want to uphold in making your
decision. Then compare whether your alternative actions are in line with your values
- Compare the Alternatives with the Principles
When considering the effects of your actions, filter your choices to determine if your
options will violate ethical values. Determine all the stakeholders will be affected by your
decision.
- Weigh the Consequence
Remember, deliberation cannot go on forever. You must avoid “paralysis by analysis”
or the state of over analyzing (over-thinking) a situation so that a decision or action is never
taken, in effect paralyzing the outcome.
- Make a Decision
It is the courage to put your moral principles into action even though you may be in doubt,
are afraid, or face adverse consequences
MORAL COURAGE
An ability to imaginatively discern various possibilities for acting within a given situation to envision the potential help and harm that are likely to result from a
given action (Johnson, 1994)
Moral Imagination
Aristotle discussed the difference between what people decide to do and what they actually
do.
Developing the “Will”
