ETHICS Flashcards
According to (?), ethics originated from the Greek word ethos, which
means custom, characteristic, or habitual way of doing things, or action that is properly derived
from one’s character.
Pasco, et al., (2018)
It is also connected with another Greek word ēthikos, which means??
characteristic, customary, or habitual.
what is the plural of mos and moris??
mores
Therefore, by etymology, ethical and
moral are??
synonymous
T or F
the origin of the adjective moral is equivalent to ethos.
T
For (?), ethics is a normative science of the conduct of human beings living in
societies. It judges conduct as right or wrong, good or bad
Lilie(1957)
For (?), ethics is concerned about men’s habits and customs. It seeks the
underlying principles behind these habitual acts, and investigates what constitutes the
rightness or wrongness of these principles, the good or evil of these habits.
Mackenzie (1901)
For (?), ethics is both a normative and a practical science that is based
on reason. It studies human conduct and provides norms for its natural integrity and
honesty. (p.8)
Montemayor (1994)
For (?), ethics for Filipino students is philosophy of human action that
enables them to learn the art of living. (p.19)
Pasco, et al., (2018)
As a branch of philosophy, ethics can be divided into??
Normative, Metaethics, and Applied
ethics.
, is concerned on the various theories that serves as the basis of moral rules that governs behavior. Its scope of inquiry includes asking the reasons
behind as to why or why not a particular act should be committed.
normative ethics
it attempts to answer non-moral questions about morality. Its primary concern is the study
of meanings and the various epistemological foundations of moral statements
metaethics
is the field that deals with clear and specific moral questions. It is the branch of ethics that
primarily deals with ethical situations and questions regarding abortion, cloning, and other
moral issues
applied
ethics
who is the proponent of football analogy?
Mark Dimock and Andrew Fisher.
They compared an applied ethicist to that of a
football player. When he kicks the ball, there is a possibility that he might score a goal. In this
sense, an applied ethicist can score a goal by offering sound and rational arguments. If he is
able to convince someone to change his moral perspectives, then it counts as a goal.
football analogy
in the football analogy who serves as the referee?
normative ethicist
is concerned with setting up the rules to be
followed in playing the game.
normative ethicist
in the football analogy what is the role of the metaethics? Instead of playing the game themselves, they provide comments and
judgments as the game is being played
football commentator
Our sense of
morality, which stems from traditionally accepted and established ethical norms are being (?), (?) and (?)
questioned, scrutinized, and undermined.
why does it is relevant the ethical problems that we encounter?
because it affect our daily life
both requires a deep understanding of the basic principles that govern and guide human action, and living a life that is responsible for everyone’s welfare.
truly moral life
(?) attempts to find out the truth about the
rightness or wrongness of human conduct
Ethics
T or F
The problems confronting humankind can be traced to our irresponsibility and neglect
for the most basic human value, our dignity as a human person
T
is a code of what is right or wrong without reference to specific behaviors or
beliefs (Lynn, 1997). It deals with matters that the person thinks have serious consequence and
is based on good reason and impartial considerations overriding self-interest.
MORAL STANDARD
- can be considered as relative standards by which something or someone is judged as either good or bad
- vary because these rules depend on the guidelines agreed by a particular group.
NON MORAL STANDARDS
- It is a set of rules on how an individual should responsibly behave in the society.
e.g Table manners such as the proper use of utensils and the proper manner of eating
Etiquette
It is a clear, simple statement of how an organization plans to handle its services,
actions, or business.
e.g wearing of school uniform and ID.
Policy
is a rule created and enforced by the government and its agencies to maintain
order, resolve disputes, and protect a person’s liberty and rights.
Law
It is a rule that is to be strictly observed because it was said to be set by a divine entity
such as those in the Ten Commandments (Stahl, 2009).
Commandment
is characteristically defined as a situation wherein a moral agent has two choose between two actions with two conflicting moral situations, none of which
nullifies or overrides each other
moral dilemma
A moral dilemma is a situation where:
a. there are two or more
actions that you can possibly do,
b. there is a moral reason(s) for doing such actions,
c. you
cannot do all the possible actions presented to you
a renowned existentialist, gave a famous example of a moral dilemma, whose resolution is quite obscure to ethicists
Jean Paul Sartre
Three Levels of Moral Dilemma
- Personal Moral Dilemma
- Organizational dilemma
- Structural moral dilemma
According to (?), the fundamental difference between animal and
human ethics is that animals behave instinctively while human behaviour is rational.
St. Thomas Aquinas (Why only human beings can be ethical?)
It is a decision making process where the person acts in ways that best achieve his or her needs in accordance with his or her set preferences, priorities, and principles.
Rational Behavior
A human person is a being with inborn properties that he or she uses to direct his or her
own development toward self-fulfillment. One of the inborn properties of the human person is
freedom.
The Human person as free being
who is the proponent of Freedom is a gift from God. It is the ability to make significant choices, and not
just arbitrary (not important) choices.
Gabriel Marcel
who is the proponent of Freedom is Complementary to Reason – freedom without reason is not freedom
at all. Freedom to achieve one purpose in life needs reason to fulfill it, in other words,
self-direction
Aristotle
who is the proponent of Freedom is Absolute – we are so free that even “not choosing” is a choice.
Freedom demands responsibility
Jean Paul Sartre
Why is ethics connected with human actions?
ethics is all about determining the morality of human conduct
it is the standard upon which we base the rightness or wrongness of a human action.
Morality
it seeks to investigate the motive, the circumstances and the very nature of the act itself in
order to judge a human action as right or wrong.
Ethics
Montemayor (1994) defines human acts as:
- Voluntary (free) acts of man.
- Acts done with knowledge and consent.
- Acts which are proper to man which is acted with knowledge and freedom of the will.
- Acts which man is conscious, under his control, and for which man is responsible of it.
- Acts which man is the master, as man has the power and control of doing and not doing
as he pleases.
Human acts, therefore, are actions done with??
KNOWLEDGE, FREEDOM, and VOLUNTARINESS
- Has intellectual knowledge of the act;
- When the doer is conscious and aware of the reason and the
KNOWLEDGE
- When the doer acts on its own initiative and choice without being
forced to do so
FREEDOM
