ENG221ASADASDSF SDFG Flashcards
expressions of a long lasting ‘linguistic culture’ that are in accord with the brunt of
local historical experience and aspiration (Schiffman, 1996)
Language Policy
- the use of the languages spoken in the Philippines shall not be compulsory
- Spanish language shall temporarily be used
1899 Malolos Constitution
★ Title IX Article 93
Was written when the Philippines was poised for independence from the United States of America
1935 Constitution
- Camarines Norte Representative
- proposed the inclusion of an article on adopting a national language
★ Wenceslao Vinzons
“ Take steps toward the development and adoption of common national language based on one of the existing native language.”
★ Article 8 Section 2
it shall remain as the official languages of the Philippines
English and Spanish
- established the Institute of National Language (INL) in 1936.
- In November 1937, after the studies and numerous debates, INL chose Tagalog as the
national language. - Pres. Manuel L. Quezon issued an Executive Order 134 in December 1937.
★ Commonwealth Act 184
- During World War II
- Japanese occupied the Philippines and established the Second Philippine Republic
- Tagalog as the basis of country’s National Language
1943 Constitution
- Department of Education officially called Tagalog “Pilipino” to appease Tagalog speakers.
1959 Constitution
This Constitution shall be officially promulgated in English and in Pilipino, and translated
into each dialect spoken by over fifty thousand people, and into Spanish and Arabic. In case
of conflict, the English text shall prevail.
(2) The Batasang Pambansa shall take steps towards the development and formal adoption
of a common national language to be known as Filipino.
- (3) Until otherwise provided by law, English and Pilipino shall be the official languages
1973 Constitution
★ Art XIV
The national language of the Philippines is Filipino.
1987 Constitution
★ Section 6
For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are
Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English.
1987 Constitution
★ Section 7
- President Corazon Aquino ordered in 1998 all government departments to take steps in
using the Filipino language in transactions, communications and correspondence.
★ EXECUTIVE ORDER 335
- Describes Filipino as the native language spoken and written in the National Capital Region
and other urban centers in the Philippines and is used as the language of communication.
★ KWF RESOLUTION 1-92
- Released the “Alphabet and a Guide for Spelling the Filipino Language.”
★ DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE, AND SPORTS (DECS) ORDER 81
- is what a government does either officially through legislation, court decisions or policy to
determine how languages are used, cultivate language skills needed to meet national priorities
or to establish the rights of individuals or groups to use and maintain languages.
Language Policy
- In 1994 established 11 official languages including English and Afrikaans
South Africa
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1992)
- enshrined here are the Measures to protect and promote minority languages and ensure their
usability in education, courts, administration, media, culture, economic and social life
- encouraged mother tongue-based instruction in primary education since 1953, and since
1980s studies have corroborated the wide-ranging advantages of conducting early education
in children’s mother tongues
UNESCO
- the second language is added at the expense of the first language (Cummins 2000)
Subtractive Bilingualism
- the language resources of children are used to support both learning and social integration
Additive Bilingualism
- the Philippines government established (2007) the Language Skills Institute (LSI) to prepare
Filipinos for overseas work.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)
Language Skills Institute (LSI)
- which is commonly associated with trade migrations across the globe
Grassroots Multilingualism
- the condition of being composed of different elements; the inclusion of different types of people such as people of different races or cultures.
Diversity
- the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group;
also : the characteristic features of everyday
Culture
- Involving the whole world
Global World
- is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures,
and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and
flows of investment, people, and information
Globalization
- believes that a person who knows nothing about other cultures cannot truly understand his or her own culture.
Ralph Linton
- is defined as a collective way of thinking, feeling, doing, relating and thus of being.
Culture
- Western culture which has come through the formal educational system
- a culture so powerful because its main symbols are money and high technology
Dominant Culture
- the process of cultivating human potential in a person so that s/he can contribute to his/her
personal growth as well as those of others
Education
- according to UNESCO-APNIEVE (Asia-Pacific Network for International Education and Values
Education) nurtures competence in learning, doing, relating – a way of being – in a Globalized
Community as well as values based on the dignity of the person and integrity of creation.
Quality Education
- is associated with the worldwide dominant system in the economic sphere.
- undoubtedly creates all kinds of ‘divides’ and ‘disconnects’
Globalization
- The dominant culture revolves around the legacy from Western colonization
- The dominant culture which revolves around the monetized economy and enhanced by
economic globalization homogenizes culture.
Homogenization of Culture
- an accelerated pace of colonialism (violence of mind and heart), the dominant culture revolves
around a life-style that is characterized by ‘the good life’ that commands a monetary value and
communicated by subliminal messages through media
Commercialized Globalizatio
- perceived mainly as a means of social mobility
Education
- The imperative of respect for cultural diversity is premised on the dignity of the human
person. In most religious persuasions this human dignity is enhanced by a faith conviction that all are called to live as children of God.
First Postulate
The imperative of respect for cultural diversity is premised
dignity of the human
person
understanding his/her
culture through a process of learning.
Second Postulate
Immersion into another’s culture
third Postulate
- socio-linguistic phenomenological approach
fourth postulate
Emerging spiritualities are tapping into the richness of the oriental
wisdom
5th postulate
cultural awareness of monetarily poor people
Sixth postulate
interdisciplinary program of studies
7th postulate
Evolution and development of languages is a study known as etymology. Which allows us to
have a look into society’s changing circumstances and evolving perceptions.
Language
- the languages which exist in contemporary period are markedly different from the languages
which existed in the past, that gone through evolution out of those past languages
Language evolves
- Words are not only a way of conveying ideas and concepts, the way those concepts and ideas
are arranged in a thought and relayed is equally important in demonstrating their importance to a specific society
The syntax of the language
- is one of the most profound ways to understand the people in our world.
Studying language
- primary tool for communication purposes
- for establishing peace and order in our society
- for showing authority and power
- attaining goals and objectives
- destruct the society if it will use inappropriately
LANGUAGE USES
controls our language by giving us preferences as what are acceptable and not, because each
one of us has our own perception or point of view
SOCIETY
- Produces changes in language
SOCIAL CHANGES
- explores language in relation to society.
- This means that it is concerned with language as used for communication amongst different
social groups of people in different social situations
Sociolinguistics
- the relationship between language and culture
Linguistic Anthropology
- general term used to refer to various hypotheses or positions about the relationship between
language and culture
Linguistic Relativity
- language actually affects the way you see the world (so language is like a pair of glasses
through which we see everything) - Based on Hopi Indians study
Sapir-Whorf theory (“Whorfian hypothesis”)
- The theory is that language affects the way we view men and women because it treats men
and women differently
Sexist Language
- It is the study of sociological aspects of language.
- concerned with what role language plays in maintaining the social roles in a community
Socio linguistics
- It is the ability of an individual to use two languages effectively
Bilingualism
- occurs when both of the parents speak different languages to the child, the child will learn it
and speak both the languages with or without the accent.
Compound bilingualism
- occurs when the two languages are acquired in different contexts.
Coordinate Bilingualism
- refers to a situation in which an individual knows two languages but has one dominant
language
Sub-coordinate Bilingualism
- Is pertaining to an individual who is able to speak multiple languages
Multilingualism
- is defined as the use of language of more than one language.
Code switching
- is a shift that is done in the middle of the sentence. Without hesitation or interruption
● Inter-Sentential
- when the switch of language is done in the sentence boundaries.
● Intra-Sentential
- The insertion of a tag phrase from one language into a sentence in other languages.
● Extra-Sentential or Tag switching
- refers to the transfer of linguistic elements or words from one language to another or mixed
together
Two types of Code M
Code mixing
- this kind of code mixing occurs within a phrase, a clause or a sentence boundary
● Intra- sentential code mixing
- this kind of code mixing occurs within a word boundary involving a change in pronunciation
● Intra-lexical code mixing
- Language varies in three major ways interrelated, all language change has it is origins in
variation. The possibility of a new linguistic change exist as soon as new form develop
Language change
Types of language change
- Sound Changes
- Grammatical Changes
- Lexical
Reasons/Causes of Language Change
● Social status ● Gender change ● Interaction ● The media
- The process, or the event, in which a population changes from using one language to another.
Language Shift
Cause of language Shift
● Political factor ● Social factor ● Cultural factor ● Technological factor
- a linguistic term for the end or extinction of a language
- The reasons are often: Political, Economic, or Cultural in nature
Language Death
- usually describes situations where a language has suffered some loss or shift to a dominant
language and there are people attempting to return it to greater use. - Three levels of language revival ● 1. Revitalisation ● 2. Renewal ● 3. Reclamation
Language revival
as nouns is the language
of a people or a national language
vernacular
As nouns is a principle or example or measure used
for comparison.
standard
of a country is related to the country’s socio -political and cultural
functions
national language
of a county is connected to government affairs such as the functioning of
the parliament or the national court.
official language
is really called a “social REGISTER” of a specific language
social dialect
one that is strictly defined by geography, and as such,
is used among all people of all social classes/groups within that geography.
regional dialect
linguistic diversity, is a broad term used to describe the differences
between different languages and the ways that people communicate with each other.
- Types of Language Diversity * Immersion Classroom * Sign Language
Language Diversity
- allows languages and their cultures to spread and dominate on a global scale, it also leads to
the extinction of other languages and cultures. Language contributes to the formation of
culture, such as through vocabulary, greetings or humor. Language is in a sense the substance
of culture.
Globalization
- combined teaching contents from a curriculum area with explicit teaching of the target
language; a program based on teaching the regular school curriculum in the target language
rather than teaching the language only as a separate subject
Language Programs
- According to Kaplan and Baldauf (1997), “A language policy is a body of ideas, laws,
regulations, rules and practices intended to achieve the planned language change in the
societies, group or system” (p. xi)
Language Policies
- Language planning refers to deliberate efforts to influence the behavior of others with respect
to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of their language codes” (Cooper, 1989, p.
45). It may be undertaken with formal, official governmental sanction or reflected in unofficial
and informal practices
BILINGUAL EDUCATION PO
Language Planning
- The Policy on Bilingual Education aims at the achievement of competence in both Filipino and
English at the national level, through the teaching of both languages and their use as media of
instruction at all levels. The regional languages shall be used as auxiliary languages in Grades
I and II
BILINGUAL EDUCATION POLICY (BEP)
serves as a way of nurturing dynamism in one’s culture?
: C- reflect on culturally rooted paradigms which through the years…
According to the UNDP, which of these should be in order for education to succeed?
A- develop a collective self-understanding of themselves…
Which of these does cultural anthropologist Ralph Linton mean in his statement which states
that “A person who knows nothing about other cultures cannot truly understand his/her own
culture.”
A- the knowledge you get about people belonging to other cultures will precisely give
you the idea as to who really you are and what makes you different from them
When there is the inclusion of different types of people such as people of different races or
cultures, then is that what we call as?
C- diversity
Which term is referred to as the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial,
religious or social group, also the characteristic features of all those?
Answer: A- culture
Which one of these did the Philippines government do in its bid to internationalize the
economy?
C- endorsed the use of English as a way of equipping Filipinos for overseas
employment in the service or construction industries.
Which one of these becomes the common challenge for countries in the implementation of
multilingualism?
B- the lack of indigenized educational materials.
. Which one refers to additive bilingualism?
B- This happens when the use of both the first and second language dominates.
Which of these statements is true?
A- In the Philippines, language policies are rooted in the influence of colonialism.
Which of the following explains subtractive bilingualism?
A- this means that the second language is added at the expense of the second
language
According to Cummins, which of these would likely happen if the early stages of learning are
not grounded in a familiar language?
A- education may be fundamentally compromised.
Which one has encouraged the use of mother tongue since 1953?
D- UNESCO
Which one explains why early education is learned using the mother tongue??
B- for developing the child powers of reasoning…
Which one gives a very comprehensive meaning or description of language policy?
A- this is an expression of a long lasting linguistic culture…
Which one explains why a Tagalog- based national language has long been the center of all
arguments regarding the choice of national language of the Philippines?
A- Due to the fact that there are 8 major native native languages in the Philippines
whose speakers outnumber Tagalog speakers.
Which version of the Philippine constitution declares that, until otherwise provided by law,
English and Filipino shall be the official languages?
C- 1973 Philippine constitution
.In 1959 the DEPED officially called Tagalog as Pilipino in order to?
: D- appease Tagalog speakers
.In which of these versions of the Philippine constitution did Tagalog become the basis of
country’s National Language?
C- 1943 Philippine constitution
Which one of these was the contribution of President Manuel L. Quezon in the acquisition of a
National Language?
Answer: B- he issued an E.O. 134 in December 1937
.In which of these did Camarines Norte representative Wenceslao Vinzons proposed the
Inclusion of an article in adopting a National Language?
B- 1935- Philippine Constitution
