EDUC212a Flashcards
state the 4 classical
philosophies
idealism
realism
existentialism
pragmatism
state the 3 modern philosophies
perennialism
progressivism
humanism
state the 3 post-modern philosophies
social reconstructivism
behaviorism
constructivism
according to (?) “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom”.
Aristotle
“Philos” which means (?) and “Sophia” which means (?)
“Love” and “Wisdom”
the word Philosophy means (?)
Love of Wisdom
its broader sense it is the study that falls under the umbrella of social science, which seeks to
understand the fundamental truth of the world, the universe and the society where we are
living.
Philosophy
helps seek to understand questions like, How does a teacher view the learners? How can
teacher maximize students learning and potentials through certain means? Who is a
Abstraction
teacher inside the four corners of the classroom? What is the role of a teacher in school,
community or in the society as a whole?
Educational Philosophies
- it was founded by Plato who said that “In order to know
something, we need to withdraw from the use of our senses and rely on a purely
intellectual approach”. - its perspective to the notion that ideas are the only
true reality which means it is the only thing worth knowing for idealists believes that ideas
and knowledge are capable of changing lives.
Idealism
it is the opposite of Idealism which was founded by Aristotle. reality has an absolute existence
independent from our thoughts and ideas.
Realism
TRUE OR FALSE
idealism’s perspective
emphasizes “what could be” while realism focuses its perspective on “what actually is”
TRUE
what Classical Philosophies it is that they aimto education is to discover and develop the abilities of every
learner and also to uphold full moral excellence among individuals in order for them to
serve the society well.
Idealism
what Classical Philosophies it is that seeks to provide vital knowledge for the
learners to survive the natural world and for them to be prepared for the real life scenario
Realism
is founded by Soren Kierkegaard a Danish Philosopher, this
particular Philosophy sees reality and knowledge in a subjective manner which lies within
the individual and varies from one person to another. It also focuses on individual’s
freedom, individuals authentic development based on the individuals choices and
standards
Existentialism
what Classical Philosophies it is that concern on helping learners understand
and appreciate oneself as a unique individual by teaching them on defining oneself
through various activities and by exposing them to different kinds of environment that
allows them to choose their own preferred way
Existentialism
is also known as experientialism which is the roots of the
progressivism and reconstructionism, which showcases some practical approaches in
solving problems.
Pragmatism
is an Educational Philosophy that falls under the Teacher-Centered
Educational Philosophy developed by Robert Maynard Hutchins which focuses its goals
in teaching the learners to become rational and critical thinkers by utilizing knowledge,
ideas and universal truths that have lasted through many generation or time and space
like the Great Books of arts and literature, historical documents
Perennialism
according to (?) who is one of the known biggest contributor to Perennialism
that “Great books of ancient and medieval, as well as modern times are a repository of
knowledge and wisdom, a tradition of culture which must initiate each generation”
Mortimer Adler
its aims wherein part of the aims is to allow learners to think deeply, analytically, flexibly
and imaginatively, teachers concern to learning for learners and the tried and proven
methods and techniques in teachings used.
Essentialism
who is responsible in introducing the essentialism to the world that “Essentialist
hope that when students leave school, they possess not only basic skills and an extensive
body of knowledge, but also disciplined practical mind, capable of applying schoolhouse
lessons in the real world”.
Bagley
is quoted as “Fountain of Knowledge”
and “Paragon of Virtue” which connotes that as a teacher they are expected to be experts
who have mastered their specific subject matter and a person who is knowledgeable who
also possesses high moral values and faultless
Teachers in the perspective of essentialism
is considered as a collective term used in a particular time in history,
but in particular as an Educational Philosophy Progressivism is focused on educating the
whole child and as well as the cultivation of individuality for learners to become
enlightened and intelligent members of a democratic society
Progressivism
Who is the father of Pragmatism?
John
Dewey
who is the proponent of existentialism?
Soren Kierkegaard
its primarily focuses on the interest and experiences of the learners which aims to provide
learners the needed knowledge and skills for them to be able to cope with the changing
world.
Progressivism
who believes on the
individual’s innate goodness, free will, moral conscience, ability to reason and
comprehend?
Erasmus
what does docta pieta means?
“Philosophy of
Christ”
who was the proponent Humanism as an Educational Philosophy?
Jean Jacque Rousseau and Johann Pestalozzi
it believes that learners should be in control of their own destiny for
them to become an autonomous individual who can freely choose and be responsible to
themselves.
Humanism
it believes that learners should be in control of their own destiny for
them to become an autonomous individual who can freely choose and be responsible to
themselves.
Humanism
what is the highlight of humanism?
Self-motivation
give the 3 Post-Modern Philosophies
- Social Reconstructionism
- Behaviorism
- Constructivism
who was the proponent of Social Reconstructionism?
Theodore
Brameld
they believe that education is a not a privilege but a right that all
must enjoy and that schools as one of the institution of the society must be able to
examine, analyze and solve issues and conflicts in the society to build a new society and
not just change it.
Social Reconstructionism
is also a Learner-Centered
Educational Philosophy which believes that learners are active recipient of learning and
sees problem-solving, community-based learning and experiential learning as some of the
effective method for the teaching and learning process and towards solving real-world
problems
Social Reconstructionism
is an Educational Philosophy is based on psychology which believes
that the behavior of the learners is a product of their environment.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is also believed
to be linked to (?) since behaviorism gives emphasis on scientific studies and
observation like the studies of Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory, B. F. Skinner’s
Operant Conditioning Theory and James Watson’s The Behaviorist Manifesto.
empiricism
teachers arrange the physical environment of the
classroom like the lighting, temperature, visual aids etc and also sets rules for learners to
follow so that the desired responses or behavior from the learners will be attain, rewards
system is an example of a useful method used by most teachers as means of motivating
the learners which may lead to a satisfying aftereffect and as a substitute to punishment,
since learners of today are heavily protected from any form of abuse, harm or
maltreatment of the teacher for it may also affect the behavior of the learners.
behaviorist environment
-is an Educational Philosophy which asserts that as individuals
interact with their environment they also actively construct their understandings of reality
-also highlights previous knowledge or the prior knowledge as a
determinant of learning as explained in the Theory of Cognitive Development of Jean
Piaget.
Constructivism
who argued that argued that “people produce knowledge and form meaning
based upon their experiences”
Jean Piaget
who argued “learning occurs through social
interaction with a skillful tutor”.
Lev Vygotsky
it is viewed as a common agreement among all members of a
particular
consensus
it is a clash between opposing ideas, principles and/or people
which may be covert or overt.
conflict
- see common norms and values as fundamental to society, relying on implicit agreements based on social order.
- view social change as taking place as in a low and orderly fashion.
- examine value
integration in society.
Consensus theories
- emphasize the superiority of certain
groups over others, and see social order as based on dominant group coercion and power. - view social change as occurring rapidly
and in a disorderly fashion as subordinate groups
overthrowing dominant groups. - explore conflicts of interest
and the pressures facing
these stresses that keeps
society together.
Conflict theories
according to (?) that without conflict
and consensus, which are prerequisites for one another, society cannot exist. Therefore, when
there is a previous consensus, we cannot have conflict
Dahrendorf (1959, 1968) as quoted by Ritzer (2000)
who said that conflict theory focuses on social inequality and the unequal distribution of political and social
influence?
(Horton and Hunt, 1984)
who said that conflict theory raises the question of the importance of education in preserving the dominant
group ‘s reputation, influence and economic and social position in society
(Ballastine and Spade, 2004)
states that society is made up of various institutions that
work together in cooperation.
Structural Functionalism
The four functional imperatives that are necessary for all systems according to
Parsons Structural Functionalism:
Adaptation
Goal Attainment
Integration
Latency
is further exemplified in his definition of the levels of theoretical
systems.
Parsons‟ AGIL scheme
is the behavioral organism that handles the adaptation function
by adjusting to and transforming the external world.
The action system
performs the
goal attainment function by defining system goals and mobilizing resources to attain them.
The personality system
copes with the integration function by controlling its component parts.
The
social system
performs the latency function by providing actors with the norms and
values that motivate them for action (Ritzer, 2000)
the cultural system
TRUE OR FALSE
Systems have the property of order and interdependences of parts.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Systems tend toward self-maintaining order, but doesn’t have balance in it.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
* Systems maintain boundaries with their environments.
TRUE
According to (?) social system begins at the micro level with interaction between
the ego and the alter ego, defined as the most elementary form of the social system.
Parsons
assumes that any society takes its particular form
because that form works well for the society given its particular situation.
The functionalist perspective
what are the 4 Key principles of the functionalist perspective (Farley, 1990):
- Interdependency.
- Functions of Social Structure and Culture.
- Consensus and Cooperation.
- Equilibrium.
Societies are believed to have tendency toward
both consensus and cooperation. Consensus is a tendency to have certain basic
values that nearly everyone in the society agrees upon (i.e. principles of
democracy).
Consensus and Cooperation.
one characteristic of society that has achieved the
form that is best adapted to its situation. It is a state of balance that it will remain
in that state until it is changed upon by a new condition. With the occurrence of
the new condition, social change will happen; society has to adapt to the new
situation
Equilibrium
Each part of the social system
exists because it serves some function.
Functions of Social Structure and Culture.
refers to the organization of society, its
institutions, its social positions and its distribution of resources.
Social structure
is the
shared set of beliefs, language, rules, values and knowledge among members of
a particular society.
Culture
Society is made up of interdependent parts. This means that
every part of society is dependent to some extent on other parts of society, that
what happens at one place has important effects on the other parts. For example,
farmers need to produce farm products for consumers to utilize.
Interdependency
who was the proponent of Structural functional model?
Durkheim and Spencer
who was the proponent of Structural functional model?
Durkheim and Spencer
lay emphasis on social order and social stability not on
conflict. In order to achieve an orderly relationship and to maintain social order and stability,
various institutions or social organizations have to work together in cooperation. Internal rules,
norms, values and regulations provide for the maintenance of the society.
Structural functionalism
who believes that education is a vital part of a modern society?
Parson
according to (?) Schooling, in this perspective, performs an
important function in the development and maintenance of a modern, democratic society,
especially with regard to equality of opportunity for all citizen; hence the key institution in a
meritocratic selection process
(Ballantine and Spade, 2004).
in general, criticize functionalist and conflict perspectives; that
such are very abstract and the focus is in the structure and process at a macro-sociological
level, notwithstanding how school is like in day-to-day level. These theories attempt to
determine the behaviors and interactions between and among students and between students
and teachers.
Interactionist Theories
The basic forms of social interaction:
- Non-symbolic interaction –
- Symbolic interaction –
– one which does not involve thinking
Non-symbolic interaction
one which require mental processes
- is the result of interaction between individuals
mediated by symbols, for example, language. It is in the active participation to various
types of social structure using the necessary symbols, that we see considerable growth
in one‟s behavior.
Symbolic interaction
are interested not only in socialization alone but also in
interaction. Interaction is the process in which the ability to think is both developed and
expressed. This refines our ability to think.
Social interactions
T or F
Human beings unlike lower animals, are endowed with a capacity for thought.
T
T or F
People are able to modify or alter meanings and symbols that they use in action and
interaction on the basis of their interpretation of the situation.
T
T or F
The intertwined patterns of action and interaction cannot create groups and societies.
who contrated that symbolic interaction with non-symbolic interaction, a state
characterized by the unconscious responses that one makes to the gestures of others‟. I
Herbert Blumer
in this basic form of interaction, people are spontaneous, direct, and unwitting. Without denying that
non symbolic interaction occurs
nonsymbolic interaction
The most concise statement of this framework is found in Blumer‟s three premises of
symbolic interaction:
- Human beings act towards things on the basis of the meanings that the things have
for them. - The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction
that one has with one‟s fellows. - These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process
used by the person in dealing with the things he encounters.
Blumer differentiates among three types of objects:
physical objects, social objects and abstract objects
Its basic assumption is “we see
ourselves as others see us.” This means that we tend to develop a self-image based
on what we understand of the messages we get from others. If your neighbor tells you
that you are attractive, you will come think of yourself as that attractive.
looking-glass self
In order to maintain social order and cooperation, social structures and mechanisms
are established in a society to govern the behavior of its constituents.
Schools and Social Institutions
Turner (1997) defines (?) as a complex of positions, roles,
norms and values lodged in particular types of social structures and organizing relatively stable
patterns of human activity with respect to fundamental problems in producing life-sustaining
resources, in reproducing individuals, and in sustaining viable societal structures within a given
environment
social institution
The ultimate goal of every institution is satisfaction
of its basic social needs.
- Institutions are purposive.
Institutions share the same
beliefs, norms, rules and values which form part of their culture, change to this
effect is relatively slow.
They are relatively permanent in their content
. Institutions are structured.
Institutions are dependent on another in
a social system but function as one distinct unit.
Institutions are a unified structure.
Institutions are dependent on another in
a social system but function as one distinct unit.
Institutions are a unified structure.
T or F
* Institutions simplify social behavior for the individual person.
T
T or F
* Institutions cannot control behavior.
F
is the basic unit of society. It is the smallest social institution that has
the responsibility of bearing and rearing children. S
The Family
The family contributes to social inequality by reinforcing
economic inequality and by reinforcing patriarchy.
Conflict
theory
The main aim of education is knowledge transfer. While before education was
a family obligation, industrialization changed it drastically along with the society and the
church
Schools
Schools are given the responsibility of teaching values
such as respect, discipline, obedience, etc. and other ways of behaving
in order for the students to become productive and law-abiding citizens
in the future.
Social control.
With the longer hours of school time and the number of
students present in a classroom, it is an undeniable fact that schools are
but the basic agent of socialization
Socialization.
Basically, schools are there to train professionals,
as such they are the once expected to provide the most qualified
manpower in the society.
Social placement
Education serves the
latent role of fostering political and social integration by turning the
population of different ethical and religious communities into a
Promoting social and political integration.
Education as a social institution serves the role
of conveying the dominant culture. Every generation of youth is exposed
to current beliefs, norms and values of our society through schooling.
For existing institutions such as church, families and government, we
learn to value social control and reverence.
Transmitting culture.
Education may cause or promote desired social
change. This facilitates social change by acting as a meeting ground
where the distinctive values and practices of each culture can be shared.
Agent of change.
There are laws in our society that require
children to go to school or complete a primary and secondary education.
Restricting some Activities
Since school
brings people of similar ages, social background and race together,
young people also link up with potential marriage partners and establish
social networks that can last for several years
Matchmaking and production of social networks.
