Essential Words For GRE Flashcards
abate
To become less strong, to decrease, reduce
Something that abates becomes fewer or less intense. Your enthusiasm for skiing might abate after falling off a ski lift and getting a mouthful of snow.
become less in amount or intensity
“The storm abated”
synonyms: die away, let up, slack, slack off
make less active or intense
synonyms: slack, slake
> With the heavily armed troops patrolling the streets, the bloodshed and mayhem began to abate.
کم شدن، خرد شدن، تخفیف دادن، خرد کردن، کاستن
abdicate
to give up a position as king, or to fail to take responsibility for something
If a king or queen abdicates, he or she makes a formal statement that he or she no longer wants to be king or queen
aberrant
different from what is typical or usual, especially in an unacceptable way
deviant
A person whose behavior differs from the acceptance standards of society
abeyance
a state of not happening or being used at present
Temporary suppression or suspension
abject
Miserable, pitiful
abjure
To reject, to abandon formally
to say formally or publicly that you no longer agree with a belief or way of behaving
abscission
The act of cutting; the natural separation of a leaf or other part of a plant
abstemious
not doing things that give you pleasure, especially not eating good food or drinking alcohol
Moderate in appetite
indulge
to allow yourself or another person to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you
to give someone anything they want and not to mind if they behave badly
abstinence
The giving up of certain pleasures
the fact of not doing something, usually something that is considered harmful such as drinking alcohol or using a drug
vow
to make a determined decision or promise to do something
a serious promise or decision
abysmal
very bad
accretion
a gradual increase or growth by the addition of new layers or parts
igneous
(of rocks) formed from magma (= very hot liquid rock that has cooled)
accrue
( on or to) to increase in number or amount over a period of time
adamant
impossible to persuade, or unwilling to change an opinion or decision
adjunct
something added or connected to a larger or more important thing
admonish (v)
to tell someone that they have done something wrong
To admonish is to scold. If you want to show someone you’re not happy with his behavior, admonish him.
>“Then I suggest you begin at once,” admonished the Dodecahedron from his admonishing face, “for here in Digitopolis everything is quite precise.”
take to task
“He admonished the child for his bad behavior”
synonyms: reprove
admonish or counsel in terms of someone’s behavior
synonyms: discourage, monish, warn
warn strongly; put on guard
synonyms: caution, monish
اگاه کردن، نصیحت کردن، پند دادن، وعظ کردن، موعظه کردن
inadmissible
unable to be accepted in a law court
adulterate
to make something weaker or of worse quality by adding something else to it
aesthetic
Relating to beauty or art
affected
artificial and not sincere, pretentious, phony
pretentious
trying to appear or sound more important or clever than you are, especially in matters of art and literature
aggrandize
To make larger or greater
aggregate
amounting to a whole, total
Verb
bring to one body and mass
to collect
To aggregate is to collect many units into one. If you’re writing a novel, you might create a character who is an aggregate of five or six real people.
alacrity
Cheerful willingness, eagerness, speed
alchemy
a type of chemistry, especially in the Middle Ages, that dealt with trying to find a way to change ordinary metals into gold and with trying to find a medicine that would cure any disease
allay
If you allay a strong emotion felt by someone, such as fear or worry, you cause them to feel it less or to feel calm again
To lesson, ease, sooth
alleviate
To relieve, improve partially
to make something bad such as pain or problems less severe
slum
a very poor and crowded area, especially of a city
bourgeoisie
the middle class (= the social group between the rich and the poor), especially the people thought to have a strong interest in supporting traditional customs and values
smug
too pleased or satisfied about something you have achieved or something you know
alloy
a metal that is made by mixing two or more metals, or a metal and another substance
Combination, a mixture of two or more metals
allure
the quality of being attractive, interesting, or exciting
The power to entice by charm
entice
to persuade someone to do something by offering them something pleasant
incentive
something that encourages a person to do something
amalgamate
to join or unite to form a larger organization or group, or to make separate organizations do this
to combine into a unified whole
municipality
a city or town with its own local government, or the local government itself
ambiguous
having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally
Unclear or doubtful in meaning
deity
a god or goddess
ambivalence (n)
the state of having two opposing feelings at the same time, or being uncertain about how you feel
her ambivalence towards men
Real social relationships are marked by ambiguity and ambivalence.
Someone who shows ambivalence about a person or thing has conflicting feelings. If you love your mom but find her totally embarrassing, you might feel ambivalent about having her give a presentation at your school.
mixed feelings or emotions
synonyms: ambivalency
دمدمی مزاجی
ambrosia
the food eaten by Greek and Roman gods
a very pleasant food
ameliorate
to make a bad or unpleasant situation better
to improve
amenable
willing to accept or be influenced by a suggestion
Agreeable, cooperative, suited
amenity
something, such as a swimming pool or shopping centre, that is intended to make life more pleasant or comfortable for the people in a town, hotel, or other place
something that increases comfort
amulet
an object worn because it is believed to protect against evil, disease, or unhappiness
Ornament worn as a charm against evil spirits
anachronism
a person, thing, or idea that exists out of its time in history, especially one that happened or existed later than the period being shown, discussed, etc.
Something out of the proper time
analgesic
a type of drug that stops you from feeling pain
Medication that reduces or eliminates pain
analogous (to)
having similar features to another thing and therefore able to be compared with it
, comparable
misconstrue
to form a false understanding of the meaning or intention of something that someone does or says
to misunderstand; to interpret wrongly
anarchy
a situation in which there is no organization and control, especially in society, because there is no effective government
absence of government , state of disorder
ecstasy
a state of extreme happiness, especially when feeling pleasure
a powerful drug that makes you feel very active and can cause you to hallucinate
patron (n)
a person or group that supports an activity or organization, especially by giving money
Verb:
Patronize:
If you patronize a business, you shop there regularly. But if someone patronizes you, it’s not so pleasant — they talk to you as if you were inferior or not very intelligent.
assume sponsorship of
synonyms: patronise, sponsor
be a regular customer or client of
“We patronize this store”
synonyms :keep going, patronage, patronise, support
do one’s shopping at; do business with; be a customer or client of
synonyms: buy at, frequent, patronise, shop, shop at, sponsor
treat condescendingly
synonyms: condescend, patronise
cult
a religious group, often living together, whose beliefs are considered extreme or strange by many people
frenzied
uncontrolled and excited, sometimes violent
revelry
a situation in which people are drinking, dancing, singing, etc. at a party or in public, especially in a noisy wa
debauchery
bad sexual behaviour, drinking too much alcohol, taking drugs, etc.
teanble
of an opinion or position) able to be defended successfully or held for a particular period of time
deficit
the total amount by which money spent is more than money received
anodyne
intended to avoid causing offence or disagreement, especially by not expressing strong feelings or opinions
Something that calms or soothes pain
(mouth (v)) platitude
a remark or statement that may be true but is boring and has no meaning because it has been said so many times before
anomalous
different from what is usual, or not in agreement with something else and therefore not satisfactory
Irregular, deviating from the norm
anomaly
a person or thing that is different from what is usual, or not in agreement with something else and therefore not satisfactory
clone
a plant or animal that has the same genes as the original from which it was produced
someone or something that looks very much like someone or something else
antecedent
someone or something existing or happening before, especially as the cause or origin of something existing or happening later
antediluvian
extremely old-fashioned
Prehistoric
antipathy (between, against, to/towards)
a feeling of strong dislike, opposition, or anger, dislike, hostility
protagonist
one of the main characters in a story or a play
apathy
behaviour that shows no interest or energy and shows that someone is unwilling to take action, especially over something important
Indifferent
apathetic
showing no interest or energy and unwilling to take action, especially over something important
apex
The highest point
the highest point or top of a shape or object
apogee
the most successful, popular, or powerful point
The point in an orbit most distance from the body being orbited, the highest point
apothegm
a short clever saying that is intended to express a general truth
a terse, witty saying
appease
to prevent further disagreement in arguments or war by giving to the opposing side an advantage that they have demands
To calm, pacify, placate
appellation
a name or title
apposite
suitable and right for the occasion
Strikingly appropriate and relevant
apprise(of)
to tell someone about something, inform
approbation
approval or agreement, often given by an official group, praise, approval
appropriate
suitable or right for a particular situation or occasion (adj)
to take possession for one’s own use; confiscate (v)
apropos
used to introduce something that is related to or connected with something that has just been said
Relevant
arabesque
ornate design featuring intertwined curves;
[Art] a type of design based on flowers, leaves, and branches twisted together, found especially in Islamic art
a position in ballet in which the dancer stands on one leg with the other leg held out straight behind
archeology
the study of material evidence of past human life
ardor
great enthusiasm or love
great emotion or passion
shrivel (up)
to become dry, smaller, and covered with lines as if by crushing or folding, or to make something do this
to become much smaller than is needed or wanted
boredom
the state of being bored
arduous
difficult, needing a lot of effort and energy, laborious
daunting
making you feel slightly frightened or worried about your ability to achieve something
argot
words and expressions that are used by small groups of people and that are not easily understood by other people
arrest
If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime that they might have committed
(Formal) to stop or interrupt the development of something
To stop, to seize
artifact
an object, such as a tool, that was made in the past
item made by human craft
artless
simple and not wanting to deceive
Guileless, natural
ascetic
avoiding physical pleasures and living a simple life, often for religious reasons
One who practices self-denial
infidel
used especially between Christians and Muslims) someone who does not have the same religious beliefs as the person speaking
austere
very simple, with only the things that are absolutely necessary, especially because of severe limits on money or goods
Stern, unadorned
asceticism
the practice of living a simple life without physical pleasures, often for religious reasons
subjugate
to defeat people or a country and rule them in a way that allows them no freedom
asperity
the quality of being severe in the way that you speak and behave
Severity, harshness, irritability
irritability
the quality of becoming annoyed very easily
aesthete
a person who understands and enjoys beauty
incident
an event that is either unpleasant or unusual
(Cast) aspersion
slander, false rumor
cast
to throw, to get rid of; to take off, to shape (metal etc ) by pouring into a mould, to give a part in a play etc to, to select the actors for (a film etc ), to give (a vote)
assiduous (“in”)
showing hard work, care, and attention to detail
Diligent, hard-working
assuage (v)
to make unpleasant feelings less strong
To make less severe
If you assuage an unpleasant feeling, you make it go away. Assuaging your hunger by eating a bag of marshmallows may cause you other unpleasant feelings.
provide physical relief, as from pain
synonyms: alleviate, palliate, relieve
satisfy (thirst)
synonyms: allay, quench, slake
cause to be more favorably inclined; gain the good will of
synonyms: appease, conciliate, gentle, gruntle, lenify, mollify, pacify, placate
تسکین دادن، آرام کردن، سیراب کردن، سیر کردن
(in) anguish (at)
extreme unhappiness caused by physical or mental suffering
bereavement
the death of a close relation or friend
astringent
An astringent substance causes the skin or other tissue to tighten
Astringent remarks are clever but unkind or criticize someone
having a dry, sour, slightly bitter taste or smell
a drug or cream that causes the skin or other tissue to tighten
harsh, severe
asylum
protection or safety, especially that given by a government to people who have been forced to leave their own countries for their safety or because of war
a mental hospital, or any other institution giving shelter and other help to poor or suffering people
consolation
something that makes someone who is sad or disappointed feel better
rebut
to argue that a statement or claim is not true
To say firmly and directly, or prove, that something is not true (business)
prudent
careful and avoiding risks
showing good judgment in avoiding risks and uncertainties; careful
stoic
determined not to complain or show your feelings, especially when something bad happens to you (adj)
someone who does not complain or show their emotions (noun)
atavism
a feeling or reaction that comes from long ago in human history, rather than being necessary or appropriate in modern times
in biology, the reappearance of a characteristic in an
organism after several generations of absence; individual or a part that
exhibits atavism; return of a trait after a period of absence
attenuate
to make something less or weaker
to make something longer and thinner
audacious
showing a willingness to take risks or offend people
bold, daring
autonomous
self-governing, independent
avarice
an extremely strong wish to get or keep money or possessions
greed
aver
to say that something is certainly true
to affirm, declare to be true
avocation
work you do in addition to your main job or profession, especially for enjoyment
Secondary occupation
avuncular
friendly, kind, or helpful, like the expected behaviour of an uncle
Like an uncle, benevolent and tolerant
anchorman
a man who is the main news reader on a television or radio news programme
persecution
unfair or cruel treatment over a long period of time because of race, religion, or political beliefs
axiomatic
obviously true and therefore not needing to be proved
obvious and not needing proof
Taken for granted
postulate
to suggest a theory, idea, etc. as a basic principle from which a further idea is formed or developed
bacchanalian
(especially of a party) involving a lot of drinking of alcohol, uncontrolled behaviour, and possibly sexual activity
pertaining to riotous or drunken festivity; pertaining to revelry.
revelry
a situation in which people are drinking, dancing, singing, etc. at a party or in public, especially in a noisy way
banal
boring, ordinary, and not original
too often used in the past and therefore not interesting
Commonplace, trite
banter
conversation that is funny and not serious
Playful conversation
bard
Poet
bawdy
containing humorous remarks about sex
Obscene
obscene
offensive, rude, or shocking, usually because of being too obviously related to sex or showing sex
beatify
to describe or think of someone as if they are extremely good and have no faults
to sanctify, to bless, to ascribe a virtue to
ascribe sth to sth
to believe or say that something is caused by something else
beatification
(noun) the idea that someone should be recognized by everyone as being extremely good or perfect
bedizen
To dress in a vulgar, showy manner
behemoth
something that is extremely large and often extremely powerful
an extremely large and powerful company or organization
belie
to show something to be false, or to hide something such as an emotion
to represent something falsely or to hide something
To contradict, misrepresent, give a false impression
beneficent
helping people and doing good acts
Kindly, doing good
bifurcates
(of roads, rivers, branches, etc.) to divide into two parts
breakthrough
an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problem (noun)
very important in the progress or development of something or someone, because of solving a big problem or making a big improvement (adj)
inaugurate
to put someone into an official position with a ceremony
to put something into use or action officially
to mark the beginning of a new period, style, or activity
posit
to suggest something as a basic fact or principle from which a further idea is formed or developed
blandishment
pleasant words or actions used in order to persuade someone to do something
Flattery
blandish
to coax with flattery, to try to persuade someone by saying pleasant things
blasé
bored or not excited, or wishing to seem so, bored because of frequent indulgence, unconcerned
indulgence
an occasion when you allow someone or yourself to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you
bolster (v)
to support or improve something or make it stronger
to give a boost to, prop up, support
More money is needed to bolster the industry.
She tried to bolster my confidence/morale (= encourage me and make me feel stronger) by telling me that I had a special talent.
They need to do something to bolster their image.
When you cheer up a friend who’s feeling down, you bolster them. To bolster is to offer support or strengthen.
support and strengthen
“bolster morale”
synonyms: bolster up
Noun:
a pillow that is often put across a bed underneath the regular pillows
synonyms: long pillow
حمایت کردن
متکا، بالش
sag
to drop down to a lower level in the middle
to become weaker
bombastic (adj)
using long and difficult words, usually to make people think you know more than you do
Pompous, using inflated language
To be bombastic is to be full of hot air — like a politician who makes grand promises and doesn’t deliver.
ostentatiously lofty in style
synonyms: declamatory, large, orotund, tumid, turgid
قلنبه، گزاف، مطنطن
پرطمطراق، قلمبه سلمبه
boorish
rude and not considering other people’s feelings :
I found him rather boorish and aggressive.
The boorish behaviour of some tourists is embarrassing.
Rude, insensitive
If your cousin tells revolting jokes, belches, and smells like he spent the winter in a cave, he could be described as boorish — an adjective used for people with bad manners and a sloppy appearance.
ill-mannered and coarse and contemptible in behavior or appearance
“was boorish and insensitive”
synonyms: loutish, neandertal, neanderthal, oafish, swinish
بی ادب، گستاخ، خشن و ناآموخته
bovine
connected with animals from the cattle group
Cow-like
slow or stupid in a way that a cow is thought to be
Brazen
obvious, without any attempt to be hidden
Bold, shameless
(Literally) made of or covered in brass (= a bright yellow metal)
surfing
the sport of riding on a wave on a special board
the activity of spending time visiting different websites on the internet
broach
to begin a discussion of something difficult
to mention for the first time
the embodiment of something
someone or something that represents a quality or an idea exactly
malevolence
the quality of causing or wanting to cause harm or evil
bucolic (adj)
relating to the countryside, characteristic of the countryside, rustic, pastoral
Burgeon (v)
to develop or grow quickly, to flourish
burnish
to rub metal until it is smooth and shiny
If you burnish something such as your public image, you take action to improve it and make it more attractive
to polish
buttress (v)
to build buttresses to support a building or structure
to make support for an idea or argument stronger by providing a good reason for it
(noun) a structure made of stone or brick that sticks out from and supports a wall of a building
cacophonous
having an unpleasant mixture of sounds
Unpleasant or harsh-sounding
dissonant (adj)
(of sounds or musical notes) sounding strange or unpleasant
not agreeing with or not the same as other things, usually in a way that is strange or hard to accept:
Example: Amid the celebrations over the passage of the reform bill this week, one dissonant voice could be heard.
aficionado
someone who is very interested in and enthusiastic about a particular subject
sublime
extremely good, beautiful, or enjoyable
cacophony (noun)
an unpleasant mixture of loud sounds
cadge (from/off) (v)
to (try to) get something from someone else without paying for it
to beg, sponge
callous (adj)
unkind, cruel, and without sympathy or feeling for other people
thick-skinned, insensitive
calumny (noun)
(the act of making) a statement about someone that is not true and is intended to damage the reputation of that person
False and malicious accusation, slander
Thou (old use)
you, used when speaking to one person
chaste (adj)
not having had sex, or only having a sexual relationship with the person you are married to
used to describe decoration or style that is very simple and smooth
canard (noun)
a false report or piece of information that is intended to deceive people
Flase, deliberately misleading story
canon
an established principle; a basis or standard for judgment; a
group of literary works
cant
statements, especially on religious or moral subjects, that are not sincerely believed by the person making them
special words used by a particular group of people such as thieves, lawyers, or priests, often in order to keep things secret
insincere talk, language of particular group
cantankerous (adj)
arguing and complaining a lot
Irritable, ill-humored
capricious (adj)
changing mood or behaviour suddenly and unexpectedly
fickle
caprice
(the quality of often having) a sudden and usually silly wish to have or do something, or a sudden and silly change of mind or behaviour
An inclination to change one’s mind compulsively
captious (adj)
often expressing criticisms about matters that are not important
Faultfinding, intended to entrap, as in an argument
pedantic (adj)
giving too much attention to formal rules or small details
cardinal (adj)
Of foremost importance
(noun)
a priest of high rank in the Roman Catholic Church
a North American bird, the male of which has bright red feathers and a black face
carnal (adj)
relating to the physical feelings and wants of the body
Of the flesh or body, related to physical appetite
carping (v)
to complain all the time about matters that are not important
to complain about unimportant matters
(Noun)
a large fish that lives in lakes and rivers and can be eaten
cartography (n)
the science or art of making or drawing maps
Caste (n) (adj)
a system of dividing Hindu society into classes, or any of these classes
one of the traditional social groups in Hindu society
Caste can also refer generally to a social class system in any society
castigate (v)
to criticize someone or something severely
Use castigate when you mean “to reprimand in an especially harsh way.” If you accidentally spill coffee all over your sister’s favorite sweater, you might worry that she’s going to castigate you as soon as she finds out.
Castigation (n)
Punishment, chastisement, criticism
cataclysum (n)
an event that causes a lot of destruction, or a sudden, violent change
a violent upheaval that causes great destruction and
change
catalyst (n)
something that makes a chemical reaction happen more quickly without itself being changed
Something causing change
an event or person that causes great change
categorical
without any doubt or possibility of being changed
Absolute; without exception
revolt (v) (against & by)
If a large number of people revolt, they refuse to be controlled or ruled, and take action against authority, often violent action
to make someone feel unpleasantly shocked or disgusted
Example:
We were revolted by the dirt and mess in her house.
It revolts me to know that the world spends so much money on arms when millions are dying of hunger.
incest (n)
sexual activity involving people who are closely related and not legally allowed to marry
constitutionality (n)
the quality of being allowed by or contained in a constitution
usher (v) [ T usually + adv/prep ]
to show someone where they should go, or to make someone go where you want them to go
a man who shows people where they should sit, especially at a formal event such as a wedding or at a theatre or cinema
caucus (n)
smaller group within an organization
(a meeting of) a small group of people in a political party or organization who have a lot of influence, or who have similar interests
Caustic (adj)
A caustic chemical burns or destroys things, especially anything made of living cells
A caustic remark or way of speaking is hurtful, critical, or intentionally unkind
Sarcastically biting; burning
celestial (adj)
concerning the sky or heavens; sublime
of or from the sky or outside this world
centrifugal (adj)
Moving away from a center
(of a turning object) moving away from the point around which it is turning
centripetal (adj)
Moving or directed toward a center
(of a turning object) moving towards the point around which it is turning
champion (v)
to support, defend, or fight for a person, belief, right, or principle enthusiastically
(Noun)
a person who enthusiastically supports, defends, or fights for a person, belief, right, or principle
chasten (v) [ T usually passive ]
to correct by punishment or reproof; to restrain or subdue
to make someone understand that they have failed or done something wrong and make them want to improve
to make someone aware of failure or of having done something wrong
Chicanery (n)
clever, dishonest talk or behaviour that is used to deceive people
Trickery; fraud
chivalry
very polite, honest, and kind behaviour, especially by men towards women
the qualities idealized by knighthood such as bravery and
gallantry toward women
the system of behaviour followed by knights in the medieval period of history, that put a high value on honour, kindness, and courage
crusade (n)
a long and determined attempt to achieve something that you believe in strongly
heathen (n)
(of people or their way of life, activities, and ideas) having no religion, or belonging to a religion that is not Christianity, Judaism, or Islam
churlish (adj)
rude, unfriendly, and unpleasant; boorish
circuitous (adj)
not straight or direct; roundabout:
clairvoyant (n)
a person who says they have powers to see the future or see things that other people cannot see
One who can predict the future; psychic
(Goes/falls into a) (put someone in(to) a) ( in a ) trance (n)
a temporary mental condition in which someone is not completely conscious of and/or not in control of himself or herself
fast, electronic dance music with a regular beat, keyboards, but usually no singing
clamor (n)
loud noise, especially made by people’s voices
a loud complaint about something or a demand for something
Noisy outcry
Verb:
to make a loud complaint or demand
clique (n)
a small group of people who spend their time together and do not welcome other people into that group
a small, exclusive group
cloister (v)
To confine; seclude
Noun:
a covered stone passage around the four sides of a courtyard (= a square or rectangular space) especially in a religious building such as a church or monastery
رواق؛ راهروی سر پوشیده
coagulate (v)
of a liquid) to become or cause to become thicker so that it will not flow
to change from liquid to a more solid state, or to cause something to do this
Thicken; congeal
When liquid starts to thicken and become solid, it coagulates. When you get a cut, the blood flowing from the wound will coagulate: it will start to clot and form a solid scab so you will stop bleeding.
change from a liquid to a thickened or solid state
“coagulated blood”
synonyms: clot
Adjective:
transformed from a liquid into a soft semisolid or solid mass
synonyms: coagulated, curdled, grumose, grumous
سفت شدن، لخته شدن، دلمه کردن، ماسیدن
causal (adj)
involving a cause;
causal relationship:
a relationship, link, etc. between two things in which one causes the other
coalesce (v)
If two or more things coalesce, they come or grow together to form one thing or system
To cause to become one
to combine into a single group or thing
vigilant (adj)
always being careful to notice things, especially possible danger
coda (n)
a piece of music at the end of a longer piece of music, usually separate from the basic structure
the final or extra part of a speech, event, or piece of writing
the end of a syllable
concluding part of a literary or musical composition; something that summarizes or concludes
serene (adj)
peaceful and calm; worried by nothing
codify (v)
to arrange something, such as laws or rules, into a system
to organize and write a law or system of laws
To systemize
paradigm (noun)
a model of something, or a very clear and typical example of something
codification (n)
the act or process of arranging something, such as laws or rules, into a system
statute (n)
a law that has been formally approved and written down
precedent (n)
an action, situation, or decision that has already happened and can be used as a reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or made
the way that something has been done in the past that therefore shows that it is the correct way
a decision about a particular legal case that makes it likely that other similar cases will be decided in the same way
cognizant (adj)
understanding or realizing something; inform; conscious; aware
collage (n)
(the art of making) a picture in which various materials or objects, for example paper, cloth, or photographs, are stuck onto a larger surface
artistic composition of materials pasted over a surface; an assemblage of diverse elements
commensurate (adj)
in a correct and suitable amount compared to something else
Proportional
suitable in amount or quality compared to something else; matching in degree
compendium (n)
a short but complete account of a particular subject, especially in the form of a book
Brief; comprehensive summary
complacent (adj)
feeling so satisfied with your own abilities or situation that you feel you do not need to try any harder
Self-satisfied
complaisant (adj)
willing to satisfy others by being polite and fitting in with their plans
overly polite; willing to please; obliging
complement (n)
A complement is a number of people or things that makes something complete
something that completes or makes up a whole
Verb:
to make something else seem better or more attractive when combining with it
envision (v)
to imagine or expect something to happen, appear, etc. in a particular way
to imagine or expect that something is a likely or desirable possibility in the future
compliant (adj)
willing to obey or to agree to other people’s wishes and demands
Yielding
compunction (n)
a slight guilty feeling about something you have done or might do
Uneasiness caused by guilt
concave (adj)
curving in
Curving inward
myopia (n)
Sight:
a condition in which someone cannot clearly see things that are far away
Not thinking:
the fact of not thinking enough about how an action will affect the future, or an example of this
conciliatory (adj)
showing willingness to end a disagreement, or trying to make someone less angry
Overcoming distrust and hostility
concoct (v)
to make something, usually food, by adding several different parts together, often in a way that is original or not planned
to invent a story or excuse, esp. to deceive others
To concoct is also to make something new from different things
concomitant (of) (n)
happening and connected with another thing
Existing concurrently
condone (v)
To overlook voluntarily; forgive
to accept or allow behaviour that is wrong
to ignore or accept behavior that some people consider wrong
revere (v)
To be + revered + for
to very much respect and admire someone or something
confound (v)
to confuse and very much surprise someone, so that they are unable to explain or deal with a situation
To baffle; perplex; mixed up
If you have an identical twin, you’ve probably tried dressing alike so that people confound you with, or mistake you for, one another. You’ve also probably learned that, unfortunately, this trick doesn’t work on your mom.
be confusing or perplexing to; cause to be unable to think clearly
synonyms: bedevil, befuddle, confuse, discombobulate, fox, fuddle, throw
سر در گم کردن، هاج و واج کردن، حیران کردن، حیرت زده کردن
congenial (adj)
pleasant and friendly; producing a feeling of comfort or satisfaction
similar in tastes and habits; friendly; suited to
awe
verb:
to cause someone to feel awe
Noun:
a feeling of great respect sometimes mixed with fear or surprise
Example:
I’ve always held musicians in awe
As children we were rather in awe of our grandfather.
You can’t help but stand in awe of (= respect greatly and fear slightly) powerful people.
Awe-inspiring:
If something is awe-inspiring, it causes you to admire or respect it a lot
conjugal (adj)
connected with marriage or the relationship between two married people, especially their sexual relationship
Pertaining to marriage agreement
connoisseur (n)
a person who knows a lot about and enjoys one of the arts, or food, drink, etc. and can judge quality and skill in that subject
someone who has a lot of experience of something and knows a lot about it
a person possessing expert knowledge or training; a person of informed and discriminating taste
conscript
a person who has been forced to serve in an army or in one of a country’s armed forces
person compulsorily enrolled for military service
Verb:
to force someone to serve in an army or one of a country’s armed forces
abeyance (noun)
a state of not happening or being used at present
stalemate (noun)
a situation in which neither group involved in an argument can win or get an advantage and no action can be taken
avert (v)
to prevent something bad from happening
consecrate
to declare scared;
to officially make something holy and able to be used for religious ceremonies
detract from something
to make something seem less valuable or less deserving of admiration than it really is
contend (v)
to compete in order to win something
to say that something is true or is a fact
(With that)
to assert
Contention (n):
Assertion
contentious (adj)
causing , involving, or likely to cause disagreement and argument
Quarrelsome; causing quarrels
acrimonious (adj)
full of anger, arguments, and bad feeling
contiguous (with/to)
next to or touching another, usually similar, thing
touching; neighboring; connecting without a break
continence (n)
the ability to control when you urinate and empty your bowels
self-control; abstention from sexual activity
contrite (adj)
feeling very sorry and guilty for something bad that you have done
Very sorrowful for a wrong
contumacious (adj)
refusing to obey or respect the law in a way that shows contempt
disobedience; rebellious
conundrum (n)
a problem that is difficult to deal with
Riddle; puzzle with no solution
convention (n)
a large formal meeting of people who do a particular job or have a similar interest, or a large meeting for a political party
a large event where fans of (= people who are very enthusiastic about) a particular TV programme, film, computer game, etc. can meet each other and some of the people involved in making the programme, film, etc.
a usual or accepted way of behaving, especially in social situations, often following an old way of thinking or a custom in one particular society
a formal agreement between country leaders, politicians, and states on a matter that involves them all
practice widely observed in a group; custom; accepted technique or device
conventional (adj)
Customary or commonplace
converge (v) (at or into)
If lines, roads, or paths converge, they move towards the same point where they join or meet
to approach; come together; tend to meet
convex (adj)
curved or swelling out
convivial (adj)
Sociable; friendly and making you feel happy and welcome
convoluted (adj)
very twisted;
(esp. of expression in speech or writing) having a complicated structure and therefore difficult to understand
copious (adj)
in large amounts, or more than enough; abundant;plentiful
parched (adj)
(especially of earth or crops) dried out because of too much heat and not enough rain
Informal:
extremely thirsty
coquette (adj)
a woman who likes to attract attention by behaving as if she is sexually interested in people, in a pleasant but not serious way
Woman who flirts
cornucopia (n)
a large amount or supply of something;
horn overflowing with fruit and grain; state of abundance
cosmology (n)
study of the universe as a totality; theory of the origin
and structure of the universe
cosmos (n)
the physical universe regarded as a totality
cosmic (adj)
relating to the physical universe, especially as distinct from Earth, and suggests infinite vastness.
covert (adj)
hidden or secret
Noun:
a group of bushes and small trees growing close together in which animals can hide, especially from people or other animals hunting them
covetous (adj)
wanting to have something too much, especially something that belongs to someone else
desiring something owned by another
covet (v)
to want to have something very much, especially something that belongs to someone else
cozen (v)
to trick or deceive someone
to mislead by trick or fraud; deceive
craven (adj)
extremely cowardly (= not brave)
credence (n)
acceptance, support, or belief that something is true
credo (n)
Statement of belief or principle; creed
a set of beliefs that influences the way you live
daunt (v)
to make someone feel slightly frightened or worried about their ability to achieve something
To discourage; intimidate; dishearten
dauntless (adj)
Fearless
dearth (n)
an amount or supply that is not large enough
Scarcity
debauchery (n)
bad sexual behaviour, drinking too much alcohol, taking drugs, etc
Corruption
immoral behaviour involving drugs, alcohol, sex etc
decorum (n)
behaviour that is controlled, calm, and polite
Proper behavior
Decorum is proper and polite behavior. If you let out a big belch at a fancy dinner party, you’re not showing much decorum.
Adjective: decorous :
behaving politely and in a controlled way
propriety in manners and conduct
synonyms: decorousness
ادب، اداب دانی، رفتاربجا
defame (v_T)
roup by saying or writing bad things about them that are not true
to malign; harm someone’s reputation
default (v) (on)
to fail to do something, such as pay a debt, that you legally have to do
To fail to act
Deference (n)
respect and politeness
respect; regard for another’s wish
defer (v)
postpone to a future time; delay, put off; submit to the wish or opinion or judgement of another person
defunct
no longer existing, living, or working correctly
delineate (v)
to describe or mark the edge of something
Though you pronounce it duh-LIN-ee-ate, there is a “line” in the middle of delineate. This might help you remember that to delineate is to outline and define something in detail or with an actual marking of lines and boundaries.
To represent; depict
synonyms:delineated, represented
trace the shape of
synonyms: limn, outline
make a mark or lines on a surface
synonyms:describe, draw, line, trace
determine the essential quality of
synonyms:define, delimit, delimitate, specify
demographic (adj)
relating to human populations and the information collected about them, such as their size, growth, ages, and education
related to population balance
demography (n)
Studying of human population
the study of changes in the number of births, marriages, deaths, etc. in a particular area during a period of time
Demographer:
One studies human population
diminution (n) (in)
reduction in size or importance
demotic (adj)
(of or in a form of language) used by ordinary people
Pertaining to peaple
quintessentially (adv)
in a way that is the most typical example or most important part of something
demur (v)
to express disagreement or refuse to do something
Express doubt
A demure person can be described as polite and a little shy. A demure outfit is a modest one — think high neckline and low hem.
affectedly modest or shy especially in a playful or provocative way
synonyms: coy, overmodest
درنگ کردن، کمرویی کردن، تقاضای درنگ
(حقوق) به صلاحیت دادگاه اعتراض کردن
denigrate(v)
to say that someone or something is not good or important
To slur someone’s reputation
denizen (n)
an animal, plant, or person that lives in or is often in a particular place
an inhabitant; a regular visitor
denouement (n)
the end of a story, in which everything is explained, or the end result of a situation
outcome; unraveling of the plot of a play or work of literature
deride (v)
to mock
to laugh at someone or something in a way that shows you think they are stupid or of no value
derivative (adj)
Adjective:
If something is derivative, it is not the result of new ideas, but has been developed from or copies something else
Something derived; unoriginal
Alert: shifting parts of speech! As a noun, a derivative is kind of financial agreement or deal. As an adjective, though, derivative describes something that borrows heavily from something else that came before it.
resulting from or employing derivation “a derivative process” “a highly derivative prose style” Synonyms: derived
Noun:
a form of something made or developed from another form
(linguistics) a word that is derived from another word
“electricity' is a derivative of electric’”
derive (v)
obtained from another source
pidgin (n)
a language that has developed from a mixture of two languages. It is used as a way of communicating by people who do not speak each other’s languages
creole
an American or Caribbean language that is a combination of a European language and another language and is a main language in parts of the southern US and the Caribbean
desiccate (v) [T or I]
to remove the moisture from something so it becomes completely dry; to lose all moisture and become completely dry
To dry completely
to become damaged or destroyed by losing an important quality; to damage or destroy something in this way
desuetude (n)
the principle that laws can stop having any legal force when they have not been used for a long time
State of disuse
disuse (n)
the condition of not being used (any longer)
desultory (adj)
without a clear plan or purpose and showing little effort or interest
random; disconnected; rambling
deterrent (n)
something that discourages or hinders
making someone less likely to do something by making it difficult for them to do it or by making them realize that it will have bad results
something that deters people from doing something
detraction (n)
the act of taking away; derogatory comment on a person’s character
diaphanous (adj)
A diaphanous substance, especially cloth, is so delicate and thin that you can see through it
If a dress is so see-through that light shines through it, it’s diaphanous. You could also call it “sheer” or “transparent,” but diaphanous sounds much fancier.
>I forgot to add: The whole package is bow-tied in a billowy, diaphanous, organically grown hijab.
so thin as to transmit light
“a hat with a diaphanous veil”
synonyms: cobwebby, filmy, gauze-like, gauzy, gossamer, see-through, sheer, transparent, vaporous, vapourous
transparent; fine-textured; insubstantial; vague
روشن، شفاف, مبهم، گنگ، سربسته، نامشخص، تار
diatribe (n)
an angry speech or piece of writing that severely criticizes something or someone
Bitter verbal attack
dichotomy (n) (between)
a difference between two completely opposite ideas or things
continuum (n)
something that changes in character gradually or in very slight stages without any clear dividing points
lissom (adj) (lissome)
attractively thin and able to move quickly and smoothly
lithe (adj)
young, healthy, attractive, and able to move and bend smoothly
trundle (v) (on)
(to cause something) to move slowly on wheels
“Informal disapproving”:
to develop or operate slowly:
pluck (v) (out/from/out of)
to pull something, especially with a sudden movement, in order to remove it
to remove the feathers from a chicken or other bird so that it can be cooked and eaten
to remove someone quickly from a dangerous or difficult situation
diffidence (n)
the quality of being shy and not confident of your abilities
Shyness; lack of confidence
diffuse (v)
to (cause something to) spread in many directions
To spread out
Adjective:
Wordy; rambling; spread out
not clear or easy to understand
spread out and not directed in one place
digression (n) (from)
the action of moving away from the main subject you are writing or talking about and writing or talking about something else
Act of straying from the main point
transcendent (adj)
greater, better, more important, or going past or above all others
dirge (n)
a slow sad song or piece of music, sometimes played because someone has died
Funeral hymn
disabuse (v) (…sth of sth)
to cause someone no longer to have a wrong idea
to free from misconception
discerning (adj)
showing good judgment, especially about style and quality
perceptive; exhibiting keen insight and good judgment
Discerning people pick up on subtle traits and are good judges of quality — they’re the ones who can tell if your cupcakes are homemade from the finest ingredients or totally from a box mix.
having or revealing keen insight and good judgment
“a discerning critic”
“a discerning reader”
Synonyms:
critical
quick to understand
synonyms: apprehensive
unobtrusively perceptive and sympathetic
“a discerning editor”
synonyms: discreet
able to make or detect effects of great subtlety; sensitive
“discerning taste”
“a discerning eye for color”
Synonyms:
discriminating
فهمیده، بینا
discern (v)
to see, recognize, or understand something that is not clear
discomfit (v)
to make someone feel uncomfortable, especially mentally
To make uneasy; disconcert
discordant (adj)
producing an unpleasant sound
used to describe something that is not in agreement with something else
Not in tune
discredit (v)
to cause people to stop respecting someone or believing in an idea or person
dishonor; disgrace; cause to be doubted
noun:
loss of respect for or belief in someone or something
(Ex: brought discredit on; To someone discredit)
discrepancy (n) (between, in)
a difference between two things that should be the same
Difference between
discrete (adj)
clearly separate or different in shape or form
constituting a separate thing; distinct
discretion(n)
the ability to behave without causing embarrassment or attracting too much attention, especially by keeping information secret
the right or ability to decide something
quality of showing self-restraint in speech or actions; circumspection; freedom to act on one’s own
disingenuous (adj)
not candid; crafty
(of a person or their behaviour) slightly dishonest, or not speaking the complete truth
disinterested (adj)
having no personal involvement or receiving no personal advantage, and therefore free to act fairly
Unprejudiced; objective
disjointed (adj)
(esp. of words or ideas) not well connected or well ordered, and therefore often confusing
lacking order or coherence; objective
dismiss (v)
put away from consideration;reject
Job:
to remove someone from their job, especially because they have done something wrong
disparage (v) (as)
belittle;
to criticize someone or something in a way that shows you do not respect or value him, her, or it
disparate (adj)
different in every way
dissimilar
The trunk of some people’s cars may contain items as disparate as old clothes, rotting food, and possibly a missing relative. Disparate things are very different from each other.
fundamentally different or distinct in quality or kind
“such disparate attractions as grand opera and game fishing”
“disparate ideas”
Synonyms:
different
including markedly dissimilar elements
“a disparate aggregate of creeds and songs and prayers”
Synonyms:
heterogeneous, heterogenous, hybrid
ناجور، مختلف، نابرابر، نامساوی
disparity (n)
the condition of being unequal or unlike
dissemble (v)
to hide your real intentions and feelings or the facts
to pretend; disguise one’s motives
disseminate (v)
to spread or give out something, especially news, information, ideas, etc., to a lot of people
to spread, scatter ; disperse
dissident (n)
a person who publicly disagrees with and criticizes their government
person who disagrees about beliefs, etc.
dissolution (n)
the act or process of ending an official organization or legal agreement
disintegration; debauchery
dissonance (n)
a combination of sounds or musical notes that are not pleasant when heard together
Discord; lack of harmony
distend (v)
(usually of the stomach or another part of the body) to swell and become large, especially because of pressure from inside
to expand; swell out
distill (v)
to make a liquid stronger or purer by heating it until it changes to a gas and then cooling it so that it changes back into a liquid
[ T usually passive ] formal (into)
to get or show only the most important part of something
extract the essential elements
distrait (adj)
inattentive; preoccupied
diverge (v)
to vary; go in different directions from the same point
to follow a different direction, or to be or become different
if rates, values, or amounts diverge, the difference between them increases (from)
diverge sharply/widely/significantly
to be very different, or to develop in different or unexpected ways (diverge on/about sth)
divest (v)
to strip; deprive; rid
to sell something, especially a business or a part of a business
to get rid of an investment, part of a business, etc. by selling
If you divest yourself of a property, you get rid of it, usually by selling:
The company has divested itself of some of its money-losing operations.
divulge (v)
to make something secret known
to make known something that is secret
doctrinaire (adj)
relating to a person who cannot compromise about points of a theory or doctrine; dogmatic; unyielding
based on and following fixed beliefs rather than considering practical problems
document (v)
to record the details of an event, a process, etc.
to provide with written evidence to support
doggerel (n)
poetry that is silly or badly written
Poor verse
latrine (n)
a simple toilet such as a hole in the ground, used in a military area or when staying in a tent
dogmatic (adj)
Stating opinions without proof
If you are dogmatic, you are certain that you are right and that everyone else is wrong
dogma (n)
a fixed, especially religious, belief or set of beliefs that people are expected to accept without any doubts
a belief asserted on authority without evidence
dormant (adj)
inactive
Something that is dormant is not active or growing but has the ability to be active at a later time
dross (n)
something that has no use or no value
waste; worthless matter; trivial matter
dupe (v) (into)
to deceive someone, usually by making that person do something that they did not intend to do
To deceive; trick
ebullient (adj)
very energetic, positive, and happy
Exhilarating; enthusiastic
eclectic (adj)
Methods, beliefs, ideas, etc. that are eclectic combine whatever seem the best or most useful things from many different areas or systems, rather than following a single system
consisting of different types, methods, styles, etc.
selecting from various sources
mystical (adj)
relating to the belief that there is hidden meaning in life, or that each human being can unite with God
emancipation (n)
the process of giving people social or political freedom and rights
the act of freeing a person from another person’s control
effervescence (n)
the fact that bubbles of gas are produced or exist in a liquid, or the bubbles themselves
the state of being active, positive, and full of energy
state of high spirits or liveliness; the process of bubbling as gas escapes
effervescent (adj)
active, positive, and full of energy
An effervescent liquid produces bubbles of gas
effete (adj)
weak and without much power
depleted of vitality; overrefined; decadent
masochism (n)
the activity of getting sexual pleasure from being hurt or controlled by another person
snob (n)
a person who respects and likes only people who are of a high social class, and/or a person who has extremely high standards who is not satisfied by the things that ordinary people like
a person who judges the importance of people mainly by their social position or wealth, and who believes social position or wealth makes one person better than others
efficacy (n)
the ability, especially of a medicine or a method of achieving something, to produce the intended result
Efficacy; effectiveness
efficacious (adj)
able to produce the intended result
efficacious (adj)
able to produce the intended result
effrontery (n)
extreme rudeness without any ability to understand that your behaviour is not acceptable to other people
Shameless boldness; presumptuous
egoism (n)
egotism (n)
thinking only about yourself and considering yourself better and more important than other people
the tendency to see things in relation to oneself;
self-centeredness
egotistical (adj)
excessively self-centered; conceited
elegy (n)
a sad poem or song, especially remembering someone who has died or something in the past
poem or song expressing lamentation
lamentation (n)
sadness and feeling sorry, or something that expresses these feelings
elicit (v)
to get or produce something, especially information or a reaction
to provoke; draw out
elixir (n) (…of life/youth)
a substance, usually a liquid, with a magical power to cure, improve, or preserve something
elysian (adj)
relating to heaven; blissful; delightful
emaciated (adj)
very thin and weak, usually because of illness or extreme hunger
Thin an wasted
embellish (v) (with)
to make something more beautiful by adding something to it
to add or change some details of a story, usually to make it more interesting or exciting
to adorn; decorate; enhance; make more attractive by adding details
emollient (adj)
(Noun) a cream or liquid that makes dry or sore skin softer or less painful
making people calm and avoiding argument
Exmp: an emollient mood/tone
Soothing, mollifying
palatable (adj)
Palatable food or drink has a pleasant taste
good enough to eat or drink
Acceptable
empirical (adj)
derived from observation or experiment
based on what is experienced or seen rather than on theory
empiricism (n)
the belief in using empirical methods
the view that experience is the only
source of knowledge. It can also mean the employment of empirical
methods, as in science.
emulate (v) [T]
to copy something achieved by someone else and try to do it as well as they have
To imitate, copy
to copy someone’s behavior or try to be like someone else because you admire or respect that person
encomium (n)
a piece of writing, speech, etc. that praises someone or something
Formal expression of praise
endemic (adj)
especially of a disease or a condition, regularly found and very common among a particular group or in a particular area
inherent; belonging to an area
enervate (v) [T]
to make someone feel weak and without energy
To weaken
engender (v)
to cause; produce
to make people have a particular feeling or make a situation start to exist
enhance (v) [T]
to improve the quality, amount, or value of something
To increase; improve
entomology (n)
the scientific study of insects
enunciate (v) [I or T]
to pronounce words or parts of words clearly
to express and explain a plan or principle clearly or formally
to state something clearly and often officially
fiercely (adv)
in a frightening, violent, or powerful way
Extremely
ephemeral (adj)
lasting for only a short time; short-lived; fleeting
affinity (n) (for/with/ between)
a liking or sympathy for someone or something, especially because of shared characteristics
a close similarity between two things
equable (adj)
steady; unvarying; serene
always being pleasant; not changing suddenly
equitably (adv)
in a way that treats everyone fairly and in the same way
