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001-Pro > Especial > Flashcards

Especial Flashcards

1
Q

Whats Charge Syndrome

A

Mutation in CHD7 gene on 8q12 chromosome.

  • COLOBOMA
  • Heart disease
  • Choanal atresia
  • Retardaded growth
  • SNC and genital abnormalities
  • Ear abnormalities (Deafness)
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2
Q

Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A 
Short palpebral fissures
Epicanthal folds
Flat nasal bridge
Long philtrum
Thin upper lip
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3
Q

Abnormalities in infant of diabetic mother

A 
Sacral agenesis (agenesia)
Femoral hypoplasia
Cleft palate
Microtia
Microcephaly/Anencephaly
Spina bifida
Polydactyly
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4
Q

Whatr VATER association

A

Abnormalities in:

Vertebral
Anal
Tracheoesophageal 
Esophageal
Radial/Renal
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5
Q

Phases of Acetaminophen intoxication

A

1) First 24hrs:
- Nonspecific symptoms

2) 24-72hrs:
- Nonspecific symptoms resolve + Appear right upper quadrant pain + Hepatomegaly + Increase liver function tests

3) 72-96hrs:
- Return of nonspecific symptoms + Liver failure (Jaundice, coagulopathy)

4) 4 days to 2 weeks:
- Recovery of death

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6
Q

Whats prevalence

A

Number of total cases (new and old) at a specific point in time divided by total population at that time.

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7
Q

Whats incidence

A

Number of new cases in study population pero total study population at risk per given time period.

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8
Q

Whats Monoclonal Gammapathy

A

Presence in the beta-gamma region of serum proteins of an abnormal spike (M Protein) consisting of Inmunoglobulins of the same isotype produced by a single clone of abnormally proliferating lymphocyte/plasma cells.

It causes NEUROPATHY with loss of proprioception in the sixth to sevent decade of life

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9
Q

Symptoms of Wound Infection after cesarean delivery

A

More common in patients with Chorioamnionitis or Obese Women.

  • Tenderness
  • Erythema
  • Discharge

First two days: Streptococcal
After that: Staph. or mixed

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10
Q

Symptoms of Endometritis

A

Polymicrobial infection caused by normal vaginal flora (Strep. B = Agalactiae and E.Coli)

The bacteria gain access to the upper genital tract due to vaginal examination.

  • Fever >38º
  • Uterine tenderness
  • Purulent lochia
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11
Q

Main patogen of Pyelonephritis

A

E. Coli

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12
Q

Whats Placental Abruption

A

Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta

It causes high frequency and low amplitude contractions + bleeding.

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13
Q

Virus family of Hepatitis Viruses and transmission

A

VHA: Picornaviridae
-Oral-Fecal

VHB: Hepadnaviridae
-Sexually transmitted, vertical

VHC: Flaviviridae
-Blood transmitted

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14
Q

Uses of Calcitonin, mechanism and side effects

A

Paget disease
Hypercalcaemia

Mechanism: Osteoclast Inhibitor

Side effects: Increase risk of malignancy, dizziness

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15
Q

Uses of RANKL Inhibitors, mechanism and side effects

A

Osteoporosis
Metastatic bone disease

Antibody which blocks effects of RANKL: Inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption

It can cause OSTEONECROSIS of the jaw, atypical femoral frectures and Erysipela

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16
Q

Uses of Parathyroid Hormone, mechanism and side effects

A

Osteoporosis

Mechanism: Stimulates bone formation, increasing bone mass.

Side effects: MUSCLE CRAMPS.

Contraindication: Bone malignancy.

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17
Q

Uses of Biphosphonates mechanism and side effects

A

Osteoporosis, Paget and metastatic bone disease.

Mechanism: Inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption.

Side effects: DYSPEPSIA, esophageal ulceration, bone PAIN, atrial fibrillation.

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18
Q

Cause of Cystic Fibrosis

A

Mutations in the gene that encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductanse regulator (CFTR) protein.

That regulates ion flux at epithelial surfaces.

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19
Q

Breast tumor formed by glandular and cystic epithelial structures surroundes by cellular stroma.

A

Fibroadenoma (Benign)

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20
Q

Breast tumor formed by epithelial-lined spaces surroundes by cellular stroma with atypia.

A

Phyllodes Tumor (benign, intermediate or malignant)

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21
Q

Breast tumor formed by dilated ducts and acini with dense collagenous stroma.

A

Fibrocystic Mastopathy (Cyclic and benign)

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22
Q

Most common cause of mesenteric ischemia

A

Ischemic colitis

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23
Q

Characteristics of Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

Moderate: Microaneurysms, intraretinal (blot) hemorrhage, soft exudates, venous beading <2 quadrants

Severe: >20 hemorrhages in each of 4 quadrants or venous beading (Arrosariamiento) in 2 quadrants

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24
Q

Characteristics of Hypertensive Retinopathy

A

Grade 2: Silver wiring (arrowheads), nippin of the venules at arteriovenous crossing. And copper wiring appearance of sclerosed arterioles.

Grade 3: Silver wiring (arrowheads), nipping and flame-shaped retinal hemorrhages with soft “cotton-wool” exudates.

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25
Q

Fetal part that directly overlies the pelvic inlet

A

Presentation

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26
Q

Longitudinal axis of the ferus relative to the longitudinal axis of the uterus

A

Lie

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27
Q

Position of the head with regards to the fetal spine (degree of flexion/extension)

A

Attitude

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28
Q

Relationship of the fetal presenting part to the maternal pelvis

A

Position

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29
Q

Cause of Molluscum Contagiosum

A

Poxvirus that is transmitted by direct human to human contact or by infected fomites.

It causes papula with central umbilication.

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30
Q

Disease showing Thumbprinting in RX

A

Ischemic Colitis: Most common cause of mesentecis ischemia

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31
Q

Forward translation (slip) of one vertebral body on the one below

A

Spondylolisthesis. Due to repetitive hyperextension or sports

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32
Q

Patognomic sign of Scabies

A

Burrows (surcos)

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33
Q

Surgical treatment of CACU that preserves fertility

A

Trachelectomy

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34
Q

Types of Hysterectomy

A

Type 1 (Simple): Extrafascial

  • Removes uterus and cervix
  • Does not removes parametrium
Type 2 (Modified Radical Hysterectomy)
-Removes uterus, cervix, proximal vagina and pamaetrial tissue

Type 3 (Radical Hysterectomy):

  • All of the above + greater resection of parametrial tissue
  • Ligation of uterine arteries
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35
Q

Agent of Tinea Capitis

A

Trichophyton Tonsurans

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36
Q

Most common cause of diffuse hair loss after stressful state (illness, surgery)

A

Telogen Effluvium: Mature hair follicles switch prematurely to the telogen (resting) state.

It occurs 3 months after stressful event.

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37
Q

Trichotillomania

A

Alopecia due to compulsive urge to pull out one’s own hair.

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38
Q

Risk factor of cervical pregnancy

A

History of dilatation and curettage

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39
Q

Most common type of conjunctivitis

A

Viral: Adenovirus

Usually secondary to upper respiratory tract infection

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40
Q

Most common cause of peripheral precocious puberty

A

Granulosa cell tumor: Increased estrogen concentrarion

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41
Q

Whats heterosexual precocious puberty

A

Androgen excess with virilization caused by increased production by the adrenal gland or ovary.

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42
Q

Whats central precocious puberty

A

Early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis with increase in GnRH secretion.

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43
Q

Disease with “boot-shaped heart”

A

Aortic Stenosis

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44
Q

Study that defines prevalence

A

Cross-sectional study. Compare proportion of two groups:
A) Disease + Risk factor
B) Healthy + Risk factor

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45
Q

Case-control study

A

Compares two groups:
A) Disease
B) Healthy

Compare proportion of cases with and without risk factor

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46
Q

Karyotype of Mola

A

Complete: 46XX
Incomplete: 69XXX, 69XXY

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47
Q

Whats Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A

Due to hemisection of the cord:

  • Ipsilateral motor paralysis
  • Contralateral loss of sensation
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48
Q

Types of cord syndromes

A

Posterior:

  • Hyperextension injuries
  • Ataxia
  • Loss of propioception

Anterior:

  • Flexion/rotation injuries
  • Paraplegia (legs more affected)
  • Loss of sensitivity

Central:

  • Motor loss (arms more affected)
  • Sacral sparing
  • Example: SYRINGOMYELIA
49
Q

Genetically determined heart muscle disorder with loss of cardiomyocytes and replacement by fibrous tissue in the right ventricular myocardium

A

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricle Cardiomyopathy.

50
Q

Heart muscle disorder with dilatation and impaired systolic function in the absence of coronary disease

A

Dilated Cardiomyppathy. There’s reduced ejection fraction

51
Q

Whats Uterine Didelphys

A

Failed fusion of the paired müllerian ducts. Forming two separed uterine horns each with an endometrial cavity and uterine cervix.

52
Q

Ectopic rests of endometrium located deep within the myometrium

A

Adenomyosis

53
Q

Signs of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A
  • Paraesthesia of the median distribution (thumb, index, middle and radial half of the ring finger) more marked at night
  • Relieved by shaking the hand
  • Phalen test
54
Q

Signs of Trigger Finger

A

Can affect any finger. It is caused by fibrotic thickening which results in restricted movement of the flexor tendon.

Digit locked in flexion on attempt at passive extension. Unlocked forcibly by patient.

55
Q

Signs of Quervain’s Tenosynovitis

A

Inflamacion y estenosis de las vainas tendinosas del ABDUCTOR largo del pulgar y el EXTENSOR corto del pulgar.

Ocasiona dolor al utilizar la muñeca y el pulgar aveces con crepitacion.

56
Q

Signs of Dupuytren’s Contracture

A

Progressive, painless fibrotic thickening of the palmar and digital fascia leading to nodular hypertrophy and contracture of the fascia.

57
Q

Symptoms of Candidal Breast Infection

A

Severe pain through the chest.

58
Q

Symptoms of Breast Abscess

A

Complication of Mastitis:

  • High fever >39º
  • Localized erythema, tenderness and induration
  • Fluctuant area in the center
  • Usually by S. Aureus
59
Q

Symptoms of Mastitis

A 
High fever
Localized erythema and tenderness
Flulike symptoms
Leucocytes <4000 or >12000
Occurs in the first 2-4 weeks postpartum
Caused by S. Aureus
60
Q

Mechanism of elbow dislocation

A

Fall with outstretched hand with elbow in flexion

61
Q

Most common type of elbow dislocation

A

Posterior displacement of the ulna (cubito)

62
Q

Most characteristic sign of elbow dislocation

A

Elbow held in flexion by the other arm

63
Q

Symptoms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

A

Secondary to immune response or alergenic

Children: Dyspepsia
Adults: Solid food dysphagia.

Dx: White exudates,

64
Q

Effect of Ciclosporin

A

Inhibits calcineurin (Involved in activation of T-cells, used in Arthitis)

Can cause:

  • Gingival hiperplasia
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperglycemia
65
Q

Effect of Cyclophosphamide

A

Used in Lupus. Alkylating agent that halts cell replication by forming cross-links between strands of DNA causing immunosuppression

66
Q

Effect of Azathioprine

A

Used in Arthritis. Inhibits DNA synthesis causing immunosuppression

67
Q

Effect of Methotrexate

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

68
Q

TNM of Vulvar Cancer

A

IA: Lesions <2cm with invasion <1mm
-Local excision

IB: Lesions >2cm
-Radical resection + Lymphadenectomy

II: Extension to lower structures of the perineum
-Radical resection + Lymphadenectomy

III: Metastases to inguinal nodes

  • Radical resection + Lymphadenectomy
  • Radiation + Chemotherapy (Platinum)

IVA: Urethra, bladder, rectal mucosa, pelvic metastases.
-Radical surgery + all of the above.

69
Q

Grades of vesicoureteral reflux

A

II: No dilatation
III: Mild dilatation
IV: Complete obliteration of sharp angle of fornices (fondos de saco)
V: Gross dilatation and tortuosity

70
Q

Most common site of metastases of Prostate Cancer

A

Bone

71
Q

Most common type of lower urinary dysfunction in elderly

A

Detrusor overactivity

72
Q

Cause of Dermatomyositis

A

Inflammatory myophaty that causes loss of muscle blood vessels

73
Q

Which condition presents with atrial rate of 250-350bpm and “SAWTOOTH” pattern

A

Atrial Flutter

74
Q

Whats Transient Synovitis of the Hip

A

“Irritable hip” is an inflammatory of the hip joint in prepubescence with history of injury or RECENT VIRAL INFECTION.

75
Q

Type of stones in obese and DM2 or myeloproliferative patients

A

Uric Acid Stones

76
Q

Type of stones more common in women that are more susceptible to urinary tract infections.

A

Struvite Stones (Infection stones).

They form in the presence of urease-producing bacteria. (PROTEUS)

77
Q

Mutations of Cystinuria and complication

A

SLC3A1 cause Cystine Stones

78
Q

Most common malignancy of the vagina in children

A 
Embryonal Rhabdomiosarcoma (Sarcoma Botryoides)
-Girls <5 years
79
Q

Classic finding of Vitaline Sack Tumor

A

Schiller-Duval body

80
Q

Most common type of vaginal sarcoma in adults

A

Leiomyosarcoma Vitaline Sack Tumor

81
Q

AB that causes ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

A

Aminoglycosides

82
Q

AB that causes deformity or discoloration of teeth

A

Tetracyclines

83
Q

AB that causes anaphylaxis, dizziness, hemolytic anemia or cistitis

A

Penicilins

84
Q

Type of endometrial cancer with Psamoma Bodies

A

Serous. The tumor is exophytic with a papillary appearance emerginc from a small, atrophic uterus.

85
Q

Most common type of Endometrial Carcinoma

A

Endometrioid

86
Q

Type of endometrial cancer similar to cervical adenocarcinoma

A

Mucinous Carcinoma.

87
Q

Symptoms of Valvular Paget

A

Localized on the labia MAJORA as an eczematoid, red area with slow growth.

88
Q

Clinical manifestations of Hypokalemia

A

Weakness and arrhythmias

  • Flat or absent T
  • U waves
89
Q

Clinical manifestations of Hypocalcemia

A

TETANY, cramping, seizures, arrhytmias:

  • Prolonged QT
  • Trousseau sign (carpopedal smasm after arterial occlusion)
  • Chvostek sign (muscle twitching with percussion of facial nerve)
90
Q

Lession in which meniscus will lead to degenerative changes

A

Lateral.

Medial is the most commonly affected.

91
Q

What fracture can cause a rapid contraction of the quadriceps

A

Patella fracture

92
Q

What structure can be damaged after a fall onto a flexed knee

A

Extensor mechanism injury (Patellar or Quadriceps tendon rupture)

93
Q

Lession caused by athletes who “side step” or teenage girls.

A

Dislocation of the patella

94
Q

Which lession occur in valgus stress or twisting

A

Medial collateral ligament (Most common)

Anterior cruciate ligament injury (Males)

95
Q

Which knee ligament is damaged in car accident (knww flexed, tibia forced posteriorly)

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

96
Q

Which lession occur in varus stress

A

Lateral collateral ligament

97
Q

Symptoms of Aspergillosis

A

Conidia (inhalated) reaches the tissue and germinate to form invasive filaments (HYPHAE).

Symptoms (immunosupresed):

  • Fever
  • Focal PULMONARY infiltrates that may progress to CAVITY.
  • Pleuritic pain
  • Hemoptisis

TX VORICONAZOL

98
Q

Which opportunistic disease affects lungs, SKIN, hepatosplenomegaly and CID.

A

Histoplasmosis

99
Q

Disease with right heart failure with low ejection fraction

A

Pericardial constriction due to chronic pericarditis

100
Q

Sharp retrosternal pain irratiated to the scapula, is worse with inspiration and when supine + pericardial friction rub.

A

Acute Pericarditis.

101
Q

Most common cause of malignant pericarditis

A

Breast CA, lymphoma and leukemia.

102
Q

First symptom of chronic open-glaucoma

A

Loss of peripheral visual field with retention of central visual function.

103
Q

First symptom of Macula degeneration

A

Loss of central visual field (FOVEA) with retention of peripheral visual function

104
Q

First symptom of Retinitis Pigmentosa

A

Night blindness. Starts in early adult life is a genetic disease.

105
Q

Dislocation caused by a fall backwards with an outstretched hand (abduction and EXTERNAL rotacion)

A

Anterior glenohumeral dislocation

106
Q

Dislocation caused by direct blow to the anterior aspect of the shoulder (abduction and INTERNAL rotation)

A

Posterior glenohumeral dislocation

107
Q

Which glenohumeral dislocation can lead to a recurrent one

A

Anterior

108
Q

Mostly asymptomatic infection that can be chronic and intermittent diarrhea, anorexia and weight loss with bowel dilatation, ulceration and perforation. Can be fulminant in immunocompromised.

A

Balantidiasis

109
Q

Sharp pain created by compressing appendix between abdominal wall and iliacus

A

Bassler sign.

110
Q

Transient abdominal wall rebound pain.

A

Blumberg.

111
Q

Pain at McBurney point when compressing the left lower abdomen.

A

Rovsing.

112
Q

Pain or pressure in epigastrium or chest when pressing McBurney.

A

Aaron sign.

113
Q

Arthritis associated with Crohn or CUCI

A

Enteropathic

114
Q

Most common agent of Reactive Arthritis

A

Chlamydia

115
Q

Gold Standard for Urolithiasis

A

Helicoidal TAC

116
Q

Inflammation of the eyelid associated with Acne Rosacea

A

Blepharitis

117
Q

Multiple seizure type often intractable with intellectual disability (1-8 years).

A

Lennox-Gastaut

118
Q

Benign epilepsy of childhood (2-13 years) with centrotemporal spikes

A

Benign rolandic epilepsy

119
Q

Sudden flexion or extension in 4-6 months old. EEG shows hypsarrhythmia.

A

Infantile spasms

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