ESCL 2

Question 1

assessing risk involves

Answer 1

(1) understanding the type(s) and extent of hazard, (2) assessing exposure and vulnerability of the potentially affected area and population, including infrastructure
and things like evacuation routes, etc., and (3) determining total potential loss/ risk based on all of these factors

Question 2

mid continental earthquakes

Answer 2

would be more devastating becuase people are not prepared and do not expect an earthquake

Question 3

earthquake risk in illinois

Answer 3

is actually very high

Question 4

explosive volcanoes

Answer 4

Explosive eruptions occur where cooler, more viscous magmas (such as andesite) reach the surface. Dissolved gases cannot escape as easily, so pressure may build up until gas explosions blast rock and lava fragments into the air!

Lava flows are much more thick and sticky so do not flow downhill as easily. These eruptions build up more steeply-sloping Composite volcanoes like this one in Chile.

Question 5

effusive volcanoes

Answer 5

Effusive eruptions occur when hot, (1200oC) runny basalt magmas reach the surface. Dissolved gases escape easily as the magma erupts, forming lava that flows downhill quite easily.

Effusive eruptions build up gently-sloping Shield Volcanoes like Hawaii.

Question 6

List of Volcanic Hazards

Answer 6

Pyroclastic Density Currents (pyroclastic flows andsurges)Lahars.Structural Collapse: Debris flow-Avalanches.Dome Collapse and the formation of pyroclastic flows and surges.Lava flows.Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles.
Volcanic gas.Tsunamis.

Question 7

subductionzone/ convergent boundary

Answer 7

higher viscosity with more silica slow to no movement cinder cone explosive

Question 8

viscosity

Answer 8

ease of magma flow

Question 9

divergent

Answer 9

lower viscosity with less silica fluid movement creates composite

Question 10

geotectonic setting

Answer 10

formation of rock in earths crust

Question 11

cinder cones

Answer 11

pyroclastic flow bits of violently erupted material higher viscosity mono inyo craters in california

Question 12

shield volcanos

Answer 12

lower viscosity flows like in hawaii

Question 13

`stratovolcano/ composite volcanos

Answer 13

are a mix with a cake like layer with both magma and gas mt fuji japan are the most dangerous

Question 14

hot spot

Answer 14

area not at boundary will have high viscosity at land and low viscosity at sea

Question 15

high silica content

Answer 15

high viscosity more explosive style

Question 16

volatiles

Answer 16

trapped gases and water vaport leading to explosive eruptions

Question 17

more explosive volcanoes

Answer 17

cause fissure eruption and lava fountain

Question 18

hazard

Answer 18

damage

Question 19

risk

Answer 19

people getting hurt

Question 20

ocean volcanos

Answer 20

sea floor hot spots sea floor spreading mid ocean ridges non explosive volcanos low silica content convection of earths mantle that pushes plates and exudes magma

Question 21

phreatic effects

Answer 21

steam explosion

Question 22

lahar

Answer 22

wet mudflow mass of volcanic fragments stratovolcano trait

Question 23

lateral blast

Answer 23

do not erupt at summit but on the side of volcano

Question 24

glacial volcanos

Answer 24

flood and also phreatic effects

Question 25

caldera

Answer 25

when large pool of magma melts mountain to a crater

Question 26

active dormant extinct

Answer 26

currrently erupting 10,000 years ago and due will never again

Question 27

Volcanic risk rating by scientists includes consideration of:

Answer 27

historical (oral, written, geologic) record of eruptions - size, type, etc.
evidence of prehistoric eruptions and types of eruption products
classification of volcano (current “restlessness”? i.e., earthquakes, gas emissions, ground swell/deformation, etc.)
demographics: population density, economics, potential losses (property, crops, etc.), infrastructure and vulnerability

Question 28

why do people live near volcanos

Answer 28

fertile soil - why is this associated with volcanoes?
geothermal (hot springs and energy source)
many important mineral and rock resources – pumice, sulfur, metal ores, etc.
please note that tourism is not a geologic benefit!
also consider: “creation of new land” time scale

Question 29

questions for geologic resources

Answer 29

what used where found how get how needed how useful what impacts

Question 30

volcanic explosive index

Answer 30

measures amount of eject volume