Equine E req and clinical cases Flashcards
E requirements for work horses (4 levels)
low intensity: increase 25% (M + 25%M)
moderate: increase 50% (M + 50%M)
high intensity: increase 75% (M + 75%M)
ultra high intensity: increase 100% (M + 100%M)
M = maintenance
what is the most E depleting state
lactation!!
performance horses consume how much of body weight
add to feed
2-2.5%
increase grain ratio to meet E needs
add oil for compact calories and hay
can take 2-3 months to adapt to using fat as E source
diet for performance horse
high grain: low roughage diet
3-4 meals/day, horses are grazers
supplement electrolytes b/c lost in sweat
aged horses diet
age is not a disease!
protein, fiber and P digestion decrease with age
feed very palatable, easily digested and easily masticated - can add with water as needed
remove competition
starved horses - should avoid what?
AVOID immediately starting on high quality diet –> will lead to refeeding syndrome which causes increase in blood insulin level = cardiac and respiratory failure 3-5 days after 1st meal
start low, go slow!
!start starved horses on what diet?
start on low glycemic index diet - roughage only!!! no concentrates yet
introduce at 50-75% of maintenance based on current BW = small portions!!
build up over 10 days to maintenance – can increase to 125% of maintenance until get to BCS 5 and then feed maintenance
after 10-14 days, gradually introduce concentrate
starved horses not taken care of properly!
equine metabolic syndrome
adults < 15 yrs old
obesity - BCS 7/9
easy keepers
intermittent laminitis is main concern
PPID negative - have to test
metabolic dysregulation
persistent hyperinsulinemia = insulin resistance
and increase BCS because not using sugars appropriately
what in diet contributes to laminitis
increase in non structural carbs
treatment for equine metabolic syndrome
low glycemic index diet
-late cut hay = more mature = not as concentrated
-no grass pasture until regulated (avoid pasture high in NSC, spring and fall, betwen 4 PM and 6 PM)
-exercise - exercise pool helps horses exercise with laminitis
-thyroid med to increase metabolic rate
-measure it is under control based on BCS -takes months and months to see a difference!
-limit time and amount they can graze
equine metabolic syndrome treatment options
diets for EMS: low in starch and NSC
grazing muzzle, nibble nets, hay boxes (do alot more work to get the food)
Pars pituitary intermedia dysfunction
AKA?
clinical signs
equine cushings disease
-pituitary adenoma
-older than 15 years
signs:
Hirsutism - abnormally long hair coat that doesnt shed properly
chronic intermittent laminitis due to interruption of negative feedback
lethargy
abnormal fat distribution
PU/PD
Diagnosis of PPID
TX
goal of TX
clinical signs, endogenous ACTH, insulin, ACTH test
TX: pergolide mesylate mimics the inhibitory effects of dopamine
goal: control symptoms, control output of hormones caused by the tumor, avoid laminitis
feeding for PPID
low glycemic index, primarily a forage diet, avoid high pasture in NSC, feed hay low in NSC, small frequent meals with oils
hyperlipemia
life threatening condition
sudden and severe breakdown of body fat stores
hyperlipemia
predisposing factors
precipitating factors
predisposing: obesity, insulin resistant, female (pregnant and lactating increase risk because under stress)
precipitating: inadequate feed intake, stress (feed change, transport), pain, disease
when abruptly removed from feed = LIPOLYSIS
hyperlipemia clinical signs
anorexia, dysphagia, colic, pyrexia, depression, weakness, abortion, rapid weight loss
hyperlipemia blood sample will look like?
cloudy in EDTA top
hyperlipemia treatment
ID factors - figure out what caused this problem to happen
treat hypoglycemia with 50% dextrose
can tube feed
developmental orthopedic disease (DOD)
factors thought to be involved: rapid growth, imbalance (hyper nutrition - excessive energy!!), genetic predisposition but none have been proven
Physitis/epiphysitis
most common DOD in TB, inflammation of the physis = lead to angular limb deformities in severe cases, distal radius and distal MC III and MT III most common
TX: decrease nutritional plane - roughage only, rest, self limiting
angular limb deformities
deviation of the limb in the sagittal plane, distal radium and distal MC III/MT III = most common
carpal valgus (limb deviates laterally) and fetlock varus (limb deviates medially) = most common
TX: mild cases: trimming/shoeing, stall confinement
surgery in severe cases, transphyseal bridging and screwing
flexural limb deformities
fetlock in forelimb and hindlimb
congenital: born this way, external factors affecting the mare (infection)
acquired: rapidly growing foals, excessive energy intake after previous inadequate energy may trigger
treatment: depends on severity, exercise, shoeing, ABX because intermittent doses interferes with Ca2+ and relaxes tendon
surgery - cut ligament or tendon
osteochondorsis and OCD
disturbances in endochondral differentiation, proliferation, maturation and ossification of fast growing animals
EX: horses, pigs, cattle, dogs, cats and rabbits
clinical signs: joint effusion and lameness
common at tibia and femur
TX: arthroscopy - SX remove fragment
prevention - maternal nutrition?
cervical vertebral malformation
due to rapid growth
clin signs: ataxia due to compression of spinal cord, worsen with neck extension
TX: surgery
orphan foal
normal newborn foal has high metabolic rate and low glycogen reserves = eat quickly and often
colostrum in first 12 hrs
foals <2 months need milk
ideal: nurse mare
can bottle and bucket feed
mares milk is best, goats milk is second closest
commercial mares milk replacer is option but doesnt have AB from colostrum
foals need to feed hourly for first 48 hours, then every 2 hours for 2 weeks - increase to 25% of BW
more prone to gastric ulcers because stressed
hand rearing orphan foal vs. nurse mare
hand rearing: very dangerous and can lead to behavior issues down the line, dont be too nice and avoid humanization
nurse mare: wean her own foal early - leads to over production of foals, experienced personnel to get mare to accept baby, disease risk if coming from another farm
- can also medically induce lactation - no colostrum but will supply milk
