Applied Nutrition 2 Flashcards
proteins needed for:
cell membrane structure and transport, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and cytokines
dietary protein must be consumed to replace what loss?
Nitrogen
more protein in what stage of life - young or old?
young!!
consume small amount of food, must be ?
consume large amount of food, must be?
high protein, high calorie
low protein, low calorie
– total protein intake is the same!
essential AA = ?
PVT TIM HALL
phenylalanine, valine, threonine
tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine
histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine
biological value definition
ability of dietary protein to supply amino acids required for protein synthesis
high quality protein vs. low quality protein
high quality has all the essential AA
processing (drying, heating) lowers digestibility and quality = low quality
crude protein is based on…
what distorts crude protein estimate that is toxic to animals?
Nitrogen levels
melamine
protein digestion takes place in what 2 places
stomach - pepsin (needs acidic envi of stomach to break down protein)
small intestine - peptidases
excess protein = unabsorbed AA or peptides
increase fecal odor
substrate for bacT fermentation
AA used for:
muscle function, gene expression, hormones, enzymes, deamination
2 protein sources avail for ruminant
protein from feed
microbial protein from rumen microbes
crude protein divided into two fractions
degradable intake protein
undegradable intake protein, aka rumen bypass protein because cant be degraded by the rumen
what AA is essential for cats
taurine
important for CNS, heart, reproduction
can supplement protein with…
soybean meal, blood/feather/fish meal, dehydrated alfalfa
increase protein intake = increase what excretion
NITROGEN
young animals have more or less AA req than older animals?
more
arginine impt. for?
glutamate impt. for?
urea cycle
role in TCA, production of antioxidant
Calcium
-macro or micro?
-where is majority of it in the body?
-sources
-where would deficiency occur
-signs of deficiency
MACRO
99% in bones, rest in teeth & ICF
source is stems and leaves
deficiency on acid/sandy soils or grazing rapidly growing grasses, cereals or with high grain supplementation
signs: milk fever (occurs 1st 30 days after calving because putting all of calcium into milk), lethargy, weak bones and poor growth
Phosphorus
-macro or micro?
-majority in body?
-important for?
-where deficiency happens
-signs of def.
MACRO
80% in bones, rest in saliva and nucleic acids
impt. for cell membrane integrity, E production, muscle contraction
def. grazing on low P soils, when pastures have low quality dead grass with little or no legume
signs: slow growth, decreased appetite, listlessness and poor fertility
Magnesium
-macro or micro?
-majority where?
-impt for?
-def. signs
-how to reduce def. issues
-high intakes of what decrease Mg avail.
MACRO
-mostly stored in skeleton, poorly remobilized
-nerve conduction, muscle contraction, enzyme systems
-MUSCLE SPASMS, trembling and nervousness
-adequate fiber, Na intake and energy reduce def. problems
-high intake of K, Ca, P and organic acids
Potassium, sodium, chlorine
-macro or micro?
-what is essential for plant growth?
-where would def. of Na and Cl be seen?
-def. signs – solution?
MACRO
K essential for plant growth –> available plants are adequate
def. in arid areas where pastures/grains are low in Na
signs: ill thrift, pica (bone/bowl/wire chewing), anorexia –> use salt licks!!!
Sulphur
-macro or micro?
-essential for?
-especially impt. in what species
-def. signs
MACRO
essential for protein synthesis and growth of rumen microbes
impt in sheep as wool is 4% sulphur
signs: reduced wool production, lack of crimp and poor fleece
Zinc
-macro or micro
-stored where
-def. signs
MACRO
stored in bone
def = decreased libido
optimal calcium: phosphorus ratio
1.5:1
chromium
-macro or micro
-impt for?
-need to supplement?
micro
impt for carb/protein/lipid metabolism and improves immune function
prob dont need to supplement in balanced ration
cobalt
-macro or micro?
-precursor for synthesis of what?
-where is low in cobalt?
-def. signs
micro
synthesis of B12
coastal, Ca rich or sandy soils are low in cobalt
excessive lush pasture = def. signs
signs: ill thrift, weepy eyes, anemia, scaly ears, infertility
copper and molybdenum
-copper essential for?
-what contains more copper than clover?
-def signs
-what causes deficiency
-where is avail. higher?
copper needed for enzymes, body/bone and wool growth
grasses contain more Cu than clover
signs: reduced fertility, depressed immunity, reduced pigmentation of hair (black hair changes to red)
def. caused by consuming antagonist – molybdenum is antagonist to copper !!!
avail. higher from dry feed than green herbage
excess molybdenum = copper def.
