Applied Nutrition 2

Question 1

proteins needed for:

Answer 1

cell membrane structure and transport, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and cytokines

Question 2

dietary protein must be consumed to replace what loss?

Answer 2

Nitrogen

Question 3

more protein in what stage of life - young or old?

Answer 3

young!!

Question 4

consume small amount of food, must be ?
consume large amount of food, must be?

Answer 4

high protein, high calorie
low protein, low calorie
– total protein intake is the same!

Question 5

essential AA = ?

Answer 5

PVT TIM HALL
phenylalanine, valine, threonine
tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine
histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine

Question 6

biological value definition

Answer 6

ability of dietary protein to supply amino acids required for protein synthesis

Question 7

high quality protein vs. low quality protein

Answer 7

high quality has all the essential AA
processing (drying, heating) lowers digestibility and quality = low quality

Question 8

crude protein is based on…
what distorts crude protein estimate that is toxic to animals?

Answer 8

Nitrogen levels
melamine

Question 9

protein digestion takes place in what 2 places

Answer 9

stomach - pepsin (needs acidic envi of stomach to break down protein)
small intestine - peptidases

Question 10

excess protein = unabsorbed AA or peptides

Answer 10

increase fecal odor
substrate for bacT fermentation

Question 11

AA used for:

Answer 11

muscle function, gene expression, hormones, enzymes, deamination

Question 12

2 protein sources avail for ruminant

Answer 12

protein from feed
microbial protein from rumen microbes

Question 13

crude protein divided into two fractions

Answer 13

degradable intake protein
undegradable intake protein, aka rumen bypass protein because cant be degraded by the rumen

Question 14

what AA is essential for cats

Answer 14

taurine
important for CNS, heart, reproduction

Question 15

can supplement protein with…

Answer 15

soybean meal, blood/feather/fish meal, dehydrated alfalfa

Question 16

increase protein intake = increase what excretion

Answer 16

NITROGEN

Question 17

young animals have more or less AA req than older animals?

Answer 17

more

Question 18

arginine impt. for?
glutamate impt. for?

Answer 18

urea cycle
role in TCA, production of antioxidant

Question 19

Calcium
-macro or micro?
-where is majority of it in the body?
-sources
-where would deficiency occur
-signs of deficiency

Answer 19

MACRO
99% in bones, rest in teeth & ICF
source is stems and leaves
deficiency on acid/sandy soils or grazing rapidly growing grasses, cereals or with high grain supplementation
signs: milk fever (occurs 1st 30 days after calving because putting all of calcium into milk), lethargy, weak bones and poor growth

Question 20

Phosphorus
-macro or micro?
-majority in body?
-important for?
-where deficiency happens
-signs of def.

Answer 20

MACRO
80% in bones, rest in saliva and nucleic acids
impt. for cell membrane integrity, E production, muscle contraction
def. grazing on low P soils, when pastures have low quality dead grass with little or no legume
signs: slow growth, decreased appetite, listlessness and poor fertility

Question 21

Magnesium
-macro or micro?
-majority where?
-impt for?
-def. signs
-how to reduce def. issues
-high intakes of what decrease Mg avail.

Answer 21

MACRO
-mostly stored in skeleton, poorly remobilized
-nerve conduction, muscle contraction, enzyme systems
-MUSCLE SPASMS, trembling and nervousness
-adequate fiber, Na intake and energy reduce def. problems
-high intake of K, Ca, P and organic acids

Question 22

Potassium, sodium, chlorine
-macro or micro?
-what is essential for plant growth?
-where would def. of Na and Cl be seen?
-def. signs – solution?

Answer 22

MACRO
K essential for plant growth –> available plants are adequate
def. in arid areas where pastures/grains are low in Na
signs: ill thrift, pica (bone/bowl/wire chewing), anorexia –> use salt licks!!!

Question 23

Sulphur
-macro or micro?
-essential for?
-especially impt. in what species
-def. signs

Answer 23

MACRO
essential for protein synthesis and growth of rumen microbes
impt in sheep as wool is 4% sulphur
signs: reduced wool production, lack of crimp and poor fleece

Question 24

Zinc
-macro or micro
-stored where
-def. signs

Answer 24

MACRO
stored in bone
def = decreased libido

Question 25

optimal calcium: phosphorus ratio

Answer 25

1.5:1

Question 26

chromium
-macro or micro
-impt for?
-need to supplement?

Answer 26

micro
impt for carb/protein/lipid metabolism and improves immune function
prob dont need to supplement in balanced ration

Question 27

cobalt
-macro or micro?
-precursor for synthesis of what?
-where is low in cobalt?
-def. signs

Answer 27

micro
synthesis of B12
coastal, Ca rich or sandy soils are low in cobalt
excessive lush pasture = def. signs
signs: ill thrift, weepy eyes, anemia, scaly ears, infertility

Question 28

copper and molybdenum
-copper essential for?
-what contains more copper than clover?
-def signs
-what causes deficiency
-where is avail. higher?

Answer 28

copper needed for enzymes, body/bone and wool growth
grasses contain more Cu than clover
signs: reduced fertility, depressed immunity, reduced pigmentation of hair (black hair changes to red)
def. caused by consuming antagonist – molybdenum is antagonist to copper !!!
avail. higher from dry feed than green herbage
excess molybdenum = copper def.