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Vet. Anesthesiology & Sx proc. > Equine Anesthesia > Flashcards

Equine Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

Horses are _ nasal breathers

A

obligate

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2
Q

What can produce atelectasis in equine

A

large, heavy GI tract pressing on lungs

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3
Q

How long should food and water be withheld prior to anesthesia

A

food 8-12hrs ; water 0-2hrs

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4
Q

NO _ is to fed 24 hours before anesthesia

A

grain

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5
Q

No _ is to be fed 12hrs before anesthesia

A

hay

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6
Q

Foals scheduled for general anesthesia are usually allowed to nurse up to _hr before scheduled induction time

A

1

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7
Q

Horses >_kg will be placed on LA machine

A

150

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8
Q

_ drugs reduce GI motility which may result in colic

A

Anticholinergic

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9
Q

Premedication or sedation drugs given IM or IV

A

Tranquilizers, alpha2-agonists, and opioids

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10
Q

Preanesthetic procedure to prep horse for sx

A

-Place IVC in jugular vein
-Wash mouth to remove feed
-Feet cleaned and shoes removed or wrapped
-Place P in induction area or adjacent to tilt table

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11
Q

What type of fluids are preferred

A

a polyionic solution with an alkalinizing effect

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12
Q

Lactated Ringer’s or Normosol-R are most commonly used and are administer rapidly at _-_ml/kg/hr during the early phases of anesthesia since horses are commonly hypotensive then

A

10-25ml/kg/hr

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13
Q

After hypotension is corrected, fluid admin may be slowed to

A

5-6ml/kg/hr

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14
Q

What does horse look like with standing chemical restraint

A

-drooping lower lip
-reluctance to move
-wide based stance
-lack of interest in surrounding activity

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15
Q

Goal of anesthetic induction

A

render the horse unconscious as quickly as possible so that the transition from standing (sedated) to lateral recumbency (unconscious) occurs with minimal risk of injury

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16
Q

How are induction drugs administered rather than “to effect”

A

rapid bolus injection (except guaifenesin)

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17
Q

What is the most common anesthetic drug combination for equine induction

A

xylazine and ketamine (+/- diazepam)

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18
Q

Ketamine admin alone without sedative premed causes

A

excitement

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19
Q

ketamine is injected _-_min after apparent xylazine induced sedation

A

3-5

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20
Q

Why is ketamine not used IM in the conscious horse

A

because the horse may be injured during the period of incoordination occurring while the drug is taking effect

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21
Q

Xylazine-ketamine anesthesia is accompanied by _ _ _ for the first 5 minutes, and usually nystagmus, a strong palpebral reflex, and pupillary dilation

A

strong muscle tone

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22
Q

Guaifenesin is admin at _-_mg/kg IV to effect to produce sedation/muscle relaxation

A

50-100

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23
Q

What position is the horse in for anesthesia

A

on table and pad superficial nerves and muscle groups, forelimb closest to table is pulled forward; separate hindlimb with padding

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24
Q

How is the ET tube placed in a horse

A

from nostril into ventral nasal meatus and emerges in nasopharynx

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25
Q

Foals should not be intubated with ET tubes smaller than _mm in diameter

A

10

26
Q

Adult ET tube sizes

A

22mm, 26mm, 30mm

27
Q

Orotracheal intubation is performed _

A

blindly

28
Q

Nasotracheal intubation is done for surgeries of the

A

head and neck

29
Q

Where is a nasotracheal tube placed

A

into the ventral nasal meatus and through the trachea

30
Q

Complications of intubation is similar to those of small animals but an additional concern would be

A

epistaxis from nasal intubation

31
Q

Changes in inhalant anesthetic and O2 flow rate occur _

A

slowly

32
Q

Horses are more likely to develop ,,and _ with in inhalant agent

A

-Hypoventilation (seen w/ dorsal recumbency)

-Hypotension (contributes to myopathy)

-Hypoxemia (more common in obese, pregnant, have twisted intestines, and are in dorsal recumb.)

33
Q

Hypotension in a horse is an arterial blood pressure less than

A

<70 mmHg

34
Q

Hypoxemia is a PaO2 less than

A

<80mmHg

35
Q

Horses that will be under general anesthesia for longer periods of time are often placed on a

A

mechanical ventilator

36
Q

The ventilator replaces the _ _ and scavenger is hooked to the ventilator

A

reservoir bag

37
Q

Induction O2 flow rate

A

8-10L/min

38
Q

Maintenance O2 flow rate

A

3-5L/min

39
Q

Only _ systems are used in LA

A

rebreathing

40
Q

Problems occur more frequently and in greater magnitude than during canine anesthesia, more pronounced:

A

hypotension, hypoventilation, reduction of cardiac output

41
Q

Monitor of the cardiovascular system include

A

-Digital pulse palpation
-CRT, MM
-ECG
-Arterial blood pressure (strongly recommended when using inhalant)

42
Q

How should hypotension be treated

A

fluids, inotropes, dobutamine used via syringe pump

43
Q

Monitoring the respiratory system includes

A

-Observation of rate and rhythm
-Pulse ox
-Capnometry
-Artial blood gas analysis q30-60min

44
Q

How is hypoventilation treated

A

either with assisted or controlled ventilation

45
Q

Normal HR under anesthesia

A

28-40bpm

46
Q

Normal heart rhythm during anesthesia

A

NSR, SA, or 1st or 2nd degree AV block

47
Q

Normal RR under anesthesia

A

6-12 brpm

48
Q

Normal body temp under anesthesia

A

97-100F

49
Q

Using TIVA for procedures lasting <1hr produces

A

-higher blood pressure, less respiratory depression, and more active palpebral reflexes
-good quality recovery

50
Q

_ _ infused at a very slow rate and inhalant anesthesia reduces amount of inhalant needed, provides muscle relaxation, provides analgesia

A

triple drip

51
Q

What drugs are included in the triple drip

A

guaifenesin, ketamine, and xylazine

52
Q

What are the benefits of using lidocaine or detomidine infusions and inhalant anesthesia

A

decrease inhalant agent requirement and provides analgesia

53
Q

Why should eyes be protected during induction

A

horses are prone to corneal scrapes

54
Q

Padding and positioning on sx table prevent

A

neuropathies and myopathies

55
Q

What can indicate horse will attempt to get up too soon

A

nystagmus (rapid) with paddling of limbs

56
Q

When should horse be extubated

A

chewing, swallowing, purposeful ear, or limb or tail movement

57
Q

What may be used for controlled recovery

A

head and tail ropes

58
Q

When can horse be returned to stall

A

when able to walk steadily

59
Q

Signs of neuropathy

A

-facial nerve paralysis (drooping eyelid and lip on affected side
-radial nerve paralysis (inability to fully extend affected forelimb)

60
Q

Signs of myopathy

A

hard, swollen muscles, stiff and painful gait

61
Q

Signs of colic

A

rolling, kicking at the abdomen

Vet. Anesthesiology & Sx proc. (14 decks)

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