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Virology > Epidemiology of viral diseases > Flashcards

Epidemiology of viral diseases Flashcards

1
Q

virus epidemiology

A

study of determinants, dynamics, distribution and frequency of viral diseases in a population

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2
Q

why study virus epidemiology (3)

A
  1. characteristics of virus
  2. host and host pop
  3. behavior, envi and ecological facts that affect virus transmission
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3
Q

role of epidemiology in viral diseases

A

ID role of viruses in disease, understand interaction of virus with envi, affecting host susceptibility, modes of viral disease, impacts of virus on health, economy and society, role of infectious pathogens and vaccines and drug production

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4
Q

how does viral epidemiology help

A

advance understanding of disease, alert and directing disease treatment, control and prevention, warning systems and tracking disease, assess economical impacts and cost of prevention programs

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5
Q

case fatality rate

A

number of deaths among clinically ill animals

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6
Q

mortality rate

A

number of animals in a population that die from a particular disease over a period of time (includes healthy and sick animals)

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7
Q

morbidity rate

A

percentage of animals that develop clinical signs attributable to a specific virus over a period of time

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8
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases that occur over a period of time - new cases only

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9
Q

prevalence

A

number of occurences of disease (new and old) that happen over a point in time

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10
Q

sporadic disease

A

viral disease occurring occasionally, singly or in scattered instances

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11
Q

enzootic/endemic disease

A

constant presence of viral disease within an area

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12
Q

epizootic/epidemic

A

occurrence of more cases than expected in a specific area - large number of cases in very limited area

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13
Q

panzootic/pandemic

A

large number of cases in large areas

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14
Q

asymptomatic carrier

A

animals that have contracted the virus but display no clinical signs

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15
Q

3 types of asymptomatic carriers

A

incubatory (acute): shed virus during incubation period
convalescent (chronic): shed virus during recovery
inapparent: shed virus with no clinical signs of any disease

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16
Q

contagious disease
period of contagiousness

A

spread from one person to another
period: time during which an infected animal sheds the virus

17
Q

exotic disease

A

disease not known to occur in a particular area

18
Q

methods to study epidemiology (2)

A
  1. seroepidemiology: use of serological data, AB-AG presence
  2. molecular epidemiology: use molecular biological data (PCR) to detect virus – helps with making vaccine so quickly
19
Q

transmission of viruses 2 types

A
  1. horizontal (lateral) - spread from one person to another, most transmitted via this
  2. vertical - transmit from mom to fetus/embryo/newborn
20
Q

horizontal transmission: contact transmission

A

direct contact: actual physical contact between infected and susceptbile - includes sexual contact
droplet transmission: transmission of virus in droplet nuclei that travel LESS than 1 m from source - sneezing, coughing
indirect contact transmission: occurs via fomites - inanimate object that is contaminated and transmits virus
indirect contact- airborne transmission: spread of infectious agents by droplet nuclei in dust that travel MORE than 1 meter

21
Q

vector transmission

A

aka arthopod borne transmission, arthropods carry viruses from infected to susceptible host
1. mechanical transmission: passive transport of infectious agent on body of arthropod vector - no multiplication of virus
2. biological transmission: infectious agent undergoes reproduction before transmission

22
Q

what insect is vector for fowlpox virus and what type of vector

A

mosquitos, mechanical!

23
Q

biological transmission stages

A

arthropod vector gets virus by feeding on blood, virus replicates in the insect gut, spreads to salivary glands, and virions in the salivary secretion are injected into new animals host during blood meals = helps virus to cross species barriers

24
Q

vector transmission - transovarial transmission and trans stadial transmission

arboviruses

A

transovarial: virus is transmitted from mom tick through infected eggs to next gen of ticks
trans stadial trans: virus transmitted from larva to next stage of development - but not transmitted vertically

arboviruses: class of viruses transmitted to humans by arthropods such as mosquitos and ticks

25
Q

types of transmission cycles (3)

A
  1. enzootic (sylvatic): transmisstion of virus between while animals and primary insect vectors
  2. epizootic (rural cycle): virus transmitted between non wild or domestic animals and primary or accessory insect vectors
  3. urban cycle: virus cycles between humans and insect vectors
26
Q

amplifying host
dead end host/incidental host
bridge vector

A

amplifying: level of virus is high enough that an insect vector that feeds on it will become infected
dead end: infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts
bridge: arthorpod acquires virus from infected wild animal and subsequently transmits the agent to human (bridges two cycles)

27
Q

common vehicle transmission

A

includes fecal contamination of food and water supplies and virus contaminated meat or bone products

28
Q

Iatrogenic transmission

A

infection transferred during medical or surgical procedure
happens by: introduction of pathogen on contaminated instrument or contaminated body surface OR intro through therapeutic preparations

29
Q

nosocomial transmission

A

occurs while an animal is in vet hospital AKA hospital acquired infection

30
Q

zoonosis

A

infections that are transmitted between animals to humans

31
Q

viruses that are transmitted by respiratory route how what envi stability?
compared to fecal oral route?

A

respiratory route have lower envi stability, fecal-oral route has higher stability

32
Q

herd immunity

A

vaccination of large portion of population protects individuals who are not vaxxed

33
Q

incubation period
prodromal period
acute period
decline period
convalescent period

A

time between infection and onset of clinical signs
first signs and feelings of illness
disease is at its highest
clinical signs subsiding
return to healthy

Virology (29 decks)

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