Epidemiology, Immunization and Levels of Prevention

Question 1

Specificity

Answer 1

The degree to which those who do not have a disease screen/test negative.
-True negatives

Question 2

Incidence

Answer 2

The frequency with which a disease or disorder appears in a particular population or area at a given time; the rate at which new cases occur during a specific time period

Question 3

Prevalence

Answer 3

The proportion of a population that is affected by a disease or disorder at a particular time; expressed as a percentage.

Question 4

Adolescents: Major causes of death

Answer 4

MVAs
Suicide
Other accidents
Homicide
Malignancy
CV or congenital disease

Question 5

Young adults (20-39): Major causes of death

Answer 5

MVA
Homicide
Suicide
Injuries
Heart disease
AIDS

Question 6

Middle-aged adults: Major causes of death

Answer 6

Heart disease
Accidents
Lung cancer
CVA
Breast and colorectal cancer
COPD

Question 7

Elderly Adult: Major causes of death

Answer 7

Heart disease
CVA
COPD
Pneumonia and/or influenza
Lung and colorectal cancer

Question 8

Primary Prevention

Answer 8

Includes measures to promote health prior to the onset of any recognizable problems:
healthy diet
exercise
avoid tobacco
immunizations

Question 9

Secondary Prevention

Answer 9

Focuses on early identification and treatment of existing problems:
Pap smear, prostate screen, cholesterol screening.
SECONDARY is SCREENING

Question 10

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 10

Includes rehabilitation and restoration of health

Question 11

Antigen

Answer 11

Substances capable of inducing a specific immune response

Question 12

Antibodies

Answer 12

Molecules synthesized in reaction to an antigen

Question 13

Active immunity

Answer 13

Conferred by antibody formation stimulated with a specific antigen such as typhoid fever immunization and toxoids

Question 14

Passive Immunity

Answer 14

Conferred by the introduction of antibody proteins such as gamma globulin injections or maternal immunity transferred to the fetus

Question 15

Pneumococcal Vaccine

Answer 15

Decreases pneumococcal bacteremia in the elderly, does not decrease pneumonia in the elderly.

Question 16

Hep A vaccine

Answer 16

Should be considered for military personnel, travelers to endemic areas, and men who have sex with men, among others

Question 17

Hep B vaccine

Answer 17

Should be given to all health care workers and high risk patietns including sexually active adults

Question 18

Meningococcal Vaccine

Answer 18

• Approved for ages 2-55
• Recommended routinely for adolescents at 11-12 year old visit and “catch up” for college, military, immunocompromised, travelers;
• Clinical efficacy not established; no revaccinations recommendations at this time.
• Cost-effectiveness questionable.

Question 19

Sensitivity

Answer 19

The degree to which those who have a disease screen/test positive
-True positives