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Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epi Triangle Components

A

Host, Agent, and Environment.

The host, the agent, and the environment where the agent lives affect one another

Changes in any one of the 3 can influence the occurrence of disease by increasing or decreasing risk

Understanding the elements can help focus on specific areas

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2
Q

Incident

A

Number of new cases in given time

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3
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of cases occurring in a population

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4
Q

Endemic

A

Usual presence of disease in a specific population or area. Plague in sw us

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5
Q

Epidemic / outbreak

A

Occurrence of more cases than expected in a given area or group during specific time

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6
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic spread over a wide geographical area

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7
Q

Reservoir

A

Place where infectious agent can survive- but may not multiply

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8
Q

Fomite

A

Inanimate object where organisms can live for a period of time

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9
Q

Herd immunity

A

Resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an organism (based on immunity in high proportion of population

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10
Q

Risk

A

Probably of an event occurring

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11
Q

Risk Factor

A

Characteristics, behavior or experience that increases the likelihood of developing negative health status

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12
Q

True/False: statistics prove causality

A

False. They can suggest that an association exists

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13
Q

Quantitative research

A

numerical data usually seeks to establish causal relationship between two or more variables using statistical methods to test the strength and significance of relationships.

Observational studies, experimental studies

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14
Q

Qualitative research

A

Seeks to provide understanding of human experience, behaviors, perceptions, etc.

Chaos theory, grounded theory, etc

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15
Q

Normal distribution percents 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations

A

1: 68.2
2: 95.5
3: 99.7

At normal distribution the mean, median and mode are all equal

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16
Q

Positive skewed has a long tail on the ———————

A

Right

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17
Q

Negative skew has elongated tail to the:

A

Left

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18
Q

Kurtosis:

A

How peaked or flat the curve is.

Leptokuric: positive- high peak
Platykuric: negative- flat peak

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19
Q

Incident rate

A

New cases/ population at risk

8 caps, 72 vent days
8/72 * 1000 = 111 cap rate per 1000

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20
Q

Prevalence rate

A

Existing cases / population at risk * 100

38 patients screened, 12 positive: 12/38 * 100 = 32

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21
Q

Standardized infection ratio

A

Number observed infections / number expected

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22
Q

Risk ratio

A

A/(A+B) / C/(C+D)

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23
Q

Odds ratio

A

AD / BC

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24
Q

Mean

A

Mathematical average of the data set.

8 2 4 12 10
36/5 = 7.2

25
Median
Value that divides into 2 equal groups. ``` 3,3,5,8,11 = 5 3,5,7,9 = (5+7)/2 = 6 ```
26
Mode
Number that occurs most frequently ``` 1,3,6,6,6,6,7,7,12,12,17 = 6 1,1,2,4,4, = bimodal ```
27
Type 1 error
Rejecting the bill when it is true and attributing significance when there is none
28
Type || error
Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false and not attributing significance when it exists
29
Sensitivity
True positive results A / A + C If test is highly sensitive and result is negative you can be nearly certain they don’t have the disease SNOUT- sensitive test rules out disease
30
Specificity
Measure of person with true negative test results for a persons without disease D / d+b If a highly specific test is positive you can be nearly certain they have the disease Spin- specific tests rule in disease with high degree of confidence
31
Positive predictive value
Percent of tests that are positive when the disease is present A / a+b If test result is positive what is the probably person has disease
32
Negative predictive value
Percent of tests that were negative when the disease was present D/ d+c If test result is negative what is the probability the patient does not have disease
33
Common source outbreak epi curve
Caused by a common source. Short exposure and cases occur in a few days of each other. Can be point, continuous or intermittent.
34
Propagated source epi curve:
Cases occur over long period of time due to person to person spread- secondary and tertiary cases.
35
UTIs are the ———- most common type of HAI?
4th most common
36
Superficial SSI must meet what criteria
Within 30 days of operation Involve only skin and subcutaneous tissue Have one of: drainage, organism cultured from site, pain, swelling, redness, heat
37
Cauti must include all 3 of these
Indwelling cath in place for greater than 2 days on date of event(placement was day 1) And Present on date of event or removed the day prior
38
PNU1 must have:
2 or more chest X-ray with either: new progressive infiltrate, consolidation, cavitation, or pneumaticeles in infant. Fever, leukopenia/leukocytosis, altered mental status for 70+ 2 of the following: New onset sputum or change Increased resp secretions or suctions New or worse cough, dyspenea(difficulty breathing) tachypenea(rapid breathing) Rales or bronchial breathing Worsening gas exchange- o2 desat, increases o2 requirements/vent demand
39
Clabsi criteria
Patient has recognized pathogen from one or more blood cultures and the Organism not related to another site Fever, chills; signs symptoms and positive lab result not related to other infection; common commensal organism cultured from 2 or more blood cultures on 2 different occasions
40
SSI surgical risk index is the sum of what risk factors
A patient with ASA physical status classification score of 3,4 or 5 An operation classifified as contaminated or dirty An operation lasting longer than the duration cut point
41
Surgical site infection risk score cut point by surgery
``` Colon resection- 187 min. High risk Coronary artery bypass- 301 min Spinal fusion- 239 min Herniirrhaphy- 124 min Hip prosthetist- 120 min Abdominal hysterectomy- 143 min ```
42
A test with a higher Specificity than sensitivity- it means a ————- result will be more accurate
Negative result Specificity is the true negative rate and negative results will be more accurate
43
Discrete data
Whole numbers and mutually exclusive- ie infected or not. Can be categorical or noncategorical
44
Categorical data
Can count both the number of events/occurrences and the number of non-events. Eg: 10 ssi in 100 surgical cases- so 90 non events.
45
Non-categorical data
Can count number of events but not the number of non events. Eg number of falls per 1000. Can identify number at risk but Cannot determine number of no falls (for example)
46
Continuous data
Info that can be measured on a continuum and numeric values between min and max. Eg temp, age, etc
47
A case control study is designed to help
Determine if an exposure is associated with an outcome
48
Herd immunity describes
When a sufficient proportion of a population is immune to a disease to make it person to person spread unlikely. This includes when kids are vaccinated for flu as a way of decreasing spread in the community
49
 According to CDCSSI surveillance definitions post operative surveillance for deep incisional or Oregon space SS I should be conducted for how many days
90 days Craniotomy, Coronary artery bypass graft.
50
According to the CDC SSI surveillance definitions superficial incisional SSIs should be followed for how long
30 days | Cesarean section, laminectomy.
51
The most important feature of nonparametric test is that they
Make no assumption about variance in the population. The main advantage of nonparametric methods is that the assumptions of normality are not required
52
Blank is a graph of a frequency distribution with values of the variable on the X axis and the number of observations on the Y axis
A frequency polygon. It is useful for showing two sets of data on a single graph and it connects lines
53
What virus is the causative agent in kaposi’s sarcoma
Human herpesvirus eight
54
What is the most effective screening method for Tb in the homeless population
Screening with chest x-ray either periodically and all residents or specifically in symptomatic residence
55
Frequency histograms and polygons are most useful for variables is what level of measurement
Interval scale and ratio scale
56
High specificity means few false ———
Positives
57
A highly sensitive tests means few false ————
Negatives
58
48 students, 8 are males. What is the ratio of females to males
40:8 ; 5:1

CIC Flashcards (9 decks)

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