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OU Management Spring 2018 > Ensuring Quality and Evaluating Outcomes of Value Added Pharmacy Services > Flashcards

Ensuring Quality and Evaluating Outcomes of Value Added Pharmacy Services Flashcards

1
Q

structures

A

raw materials needed for production

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2
Q

What are examples of structure?

A

Raw materials needed for production

  • amount of pharmacists
  • pharmacists with special training
  • pharmacy area (sq ft, counseling area)
  • medications (storage / inventory)
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3
Q

What are processes?

A
  • Any phase of the medication use process
  • Prescribe → Dispense/Counsel → Administer → Monitor
  • Adherence to clinical guidelines or pathways
  • Percent of scripts dispensed error-free
  • Percent of patients counseled
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4
Q

What are outcomes?

A
  • End result

- Driving force behind

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5
Q

What are the types of outcomes?

A
  • Economic, clinical, humanistic outcomes (ECHO)
  • E: Decrease use of health care resources
  • C: Increase patients’ control of medical conditions
  • H: Increase patients’ satisfaction with care
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6
Q

CQI Cycle: Background

A
  • Focus selection
  • Focus description
  • Focus importance
  • Literature review
  • Goals
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7
Q

CQI Cycle: Background - Focus selection

A
  • Brainstorm, rank, consensus
  • Failure mode and effects analysis (prospective)
  • Root cause analysis (retrospective)
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8
Q

CQI Cycle: Background - Focus description

A
  • Setting
  • Portion of medication use process affected
  • Baseline data
  • Flowcharts
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9
Q

CQI Cycle: Background - Focus importance

A
  • Why is it important?

* How will improvement impact organization?

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10
Q

CQI Cycle: Background - Literature review

A

What is known and not known about similar situations?

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11
Q

CQI Cycle: Methods

A
  • Intervention
  • Process and outcomes measured
  • Data collection procedures • Data analysis plan
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12
Q

CQI Cycle: Results

A
  • Analyze data

* Seek statistical assistance

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13
Q

What are the types of economic evaluations?

A
  • Cost-minimization
  • Cost-benefit
  • Cost-effectiveness
  • Cost-utility
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14
Q

Economic Outcomes: Costs

A
  • The value of the resources consumed by a program or treatment alternative
  • Direct costs
  • Indirect costs
  • Intangible costs
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15
Q

Direct costs

A
  • The resources consumed in the prevention, detection, or treatment of a disease or illness
  • Direct medical costs
  • Direct non-medical costs
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16
Q

Indirect costs

A
  • Missing work (absenteeism)

* Decreased productivity despite presence at work (presenteeism)

17
Q

Intangible costs

A

Nonfinancial outcomes, such as pain, suffering, and grief

18
Q

Cost-Benefit Analysis

A
  • Outcomes can be expressed in monetary terms
  • Numerator = program outcomes
  • Denominator = program costs
  • Benefits / cost
19
Q

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

A
  • Treatment alternatives are not therapeutically equivalent
  • Outcomes cannot be expressed in monetary units
  • Examples of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: cases cured, lives saved, mm Hg drop in BP
20
Q

Cost-Utility Analysis

A
  • Quality of life is the most important outcome being examined
  • Numerator = quality of life score
  • Denominator = direct and indirect costs of an intervention
21
Q

Clinical Outcomes

A
  • Most obvious variable to health care professionals
  • Medications
  • Lab values
  • Adverse effects from disease or medications
  • Use of other health care providers or services
22
Q

Humanistic Outcomes

A
  • Sometimes called patient-reported outcomes (PRO)
  • Health-related quality of life (HRQOL)
  • Patient satisfaction
  • Illness severity
23
Q

Humanistic Outcomes: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL)

A

Multi-dimensional measure of a person’s total well-being including physical, functional, social, and emotional

24
Q

Humanistic Outcomes: Patient satisfaction

A
  • Extent to which individuals’ needs, wants, and expectations are met
  • Satisfaction with Pharmacy Services Questionnaire
25
Q

Examples of process measures

A
  • Need for additional drug therapy
  • Unnecessary drug therapy
  • Wrong drug
  • Dose too low
  • Adverse drug reaction
  • Dose too high
26
Q

Uses of Outcomes Evaluation

A
  • Assess success or failure of a service
  • Justify payment for value-added services
  • Develop additional value-added services
  • Reassess your service objectives
  • Evaluate and improve CMS Star Rating
27
Q

CQI Cycle

A
  • Background
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Conclusion and recommendations
28
Q

CQI Cycle: Background - Goals

A
  • Discovery
  • Frequency estimation
  • Measuring a change
29
Q

CQI Cycle: Conclusions

A
  • Implications
  • Understandable to external stakeholders
  • Detail the actions that need to take place
30
Q

Cost-Minimization Analysis

A
  • Compare two or more treatment alternatives that are assumed to be equal in efficacy
  • Compares direct and indirect costs ($) without considering treatment outcomes
31
Q

Patient Satisfaction

A

Extent to which individuals’ needs, wants, and expectations are met

OU Management Spring 2018 (21 decks)

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