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AS A JOSENIAN IE ^^ > ENGINEERING LAWS, ETHICS, & STANDARDS > Flashcards

ENGINEERING LAWS, ETHICS, & STANDARDS Flashcards

1
Q

Ethics comes from the Greek word Ethos which means?

A

Character

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2
Q

this describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology

A

Ethics

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3
Q

“mos” or “moris” is the Latin equivalent which means

A

custom or traditional life of conduct;

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4
Q

Where is morality derived?

A

Custom

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5
Q
  • Defined as the “practical and philosophical science of the morality
    of human acts or human conduct”
A

Ethics

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6
Q

refers to moral values that are sound or reasonable, actions or
policies that are morally required (right), morally permissible (all
right), or otherwise morally desirable (good)

A

Ethics

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7
Q

Three major areas of study within ethics recognized today are:

A

Meta-ethics
Normative ethics
Applied ethics

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8
Q

concerning the theoretical meaning and reference of moral propositions, and how their truth values (if any)
can be determined

A

Meta-ethics

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9
Q

concerning the practical means of determining a moral course of action

A
  • Normative ethics
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10
Q

concerning what a person is obligated (or permitted) to do in a specific situation or a particular domain of action

A
  • Applied ethics
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11
Q

Importance of the study of
ethics

A
  1. To sharpen the moral nature of the learners
  2. To make them aware of the moral principles and laws governing
    man’s actions
  3. To help the learners become aware of the intimate relation between their moral nature and laws
  4. To show the learners that acting in accordance with his rational and moral nature could lead them to their supernatural destiny- God
  5. To develop in the learners a morally upright living
  6. To let the learners realize that people cannot live together harmoniously in society without the ethical norms and laws applied or followed.
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12
Q

the set of moral beliefs
shared by almost
everyone

A

common morality/social ethics

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13
Q

set of moral beliefs
that a person holds

A

personal ethics

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14
Q

the set of standards adopted
by professionals insofar as
they view themselves acting
as professionals

A

professional ethics

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15
Q

the morality of an action is determined by the right, or permission to act, of a rights holder and the imposed duty of a
rights observer when this holder and observer interact.”

A

Rights Ethics

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16
Q

If a duty is negative, the observer __________________

A

refrains from interfering
with the rights holder’s exercise of the right.

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17
Q

If the duty is positive, the observer _________________

A

takes positive steps to
ensure the right is respected.

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18
Q
  • rights that belong to people simply by virtue of their nature
A

natural rights

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19
Q

Natural rights are established by the appeal to: (SDNH)

A
  • self-evidence
  • divine sanction or guarantee
  • natural law
  • human nature
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20
Q

Limitations of natural rights:

A
  • Atheists will not be convinced to take human rights more seriously
    because these rights are alleged to be founded in God’s will.
  • Many philosophers maintain that rights are secondary to, and
    derivative of, other moral considerations.
  • To see the world exclusively in terms of rights stresses
    individualism at the expense of community.
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21
Q

Produce the most good for the most people, giving equal consideration to everyone affected.

A

Utiltarianism

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22
Q

What is Utility?

A

actions that maximize happiness and minimize suffering

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23
Q

a particular action is right if it is likely to produce the most good for the most people in a given situation

A

Act-utilitarianism

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24
Q

right actions are those required by rules that produce the most good for the most people

A

Rule-utilitarianism

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25
Q

the set of rules which maximize the public good more than alternative codes would

A

Optimal moral code

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26
Q

Limitations of utilitarianism”

A
  • It is difficult to weigh matters of life and death by weighing happiness against suffering.
  • Utilitarianism is unable to distinguish between morally justified and morally unjustified emotions.
  • Utilitarians may not give special weight to the fact that certain
    consequences may affect them personally.
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27
Q

By acting out of duty, a person acts out of a concern for what is
morally right, not out of some self-serving motive.

A

Duty Ethics

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28
Q

What is Maxim?

A

subjective rule a person has in mind while performing an
action

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29
Q

are those required by duties to respect the liberty or autonomy of individuals.

A

Right actions

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30
Q

Important duties according to one duty ethicist:

(K,C,D,D,D,D,K,C,O,D)

A
  1. Do not kill.
  2. Do not cause pain.
  3. Do not disable.
  4. Do not deprive of freedom.
  5. Do not deprive of pleasure.
  6. Do not deceive.
  7. Keep your promises.
  8. Do not cheat.
  9. Obey the law.
  10. Do your duty.
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31
Q

desirable habits or tendencies in action, commitment, motive, attitude, emotion, ways of reasoning, and ways of relating to others

A

Virtue

32
Q

A person’s fundamental character

A

soul

33
Q

middle ground between two extremes of excess and deficiency

A

mean

34
Q

focused on the good of clients and the
wider public

A

Public-spirited virtues:

35
Q

virtues of mastery of one’s profession

A

Proficiency virtues

36
Q

especially important in enabling
professionals to work successfully with other people

A

Teamwork virtues:

37
Q

are necessary in exercising moral
responsibility

A

Self-governance virtues:

38
Q

the pattern of virtues and vices

A

character

39
Q

morally undesirable habits or tendencies

A

vices

40
Q

Examples of public spirited virtues (NBSGJ)

A

Nonmaleficence
Beneficence
Sense of community
Generosity
Justice

41
Q

Examples of proficiency virtues (CDC)

A

Competence
Diligence
Creativity

42
Q

Examples of teamwork virtues (CCLRRA)

A

Collegiality
Cooperativeness
Loyalty
Respect
Responsible authority
Ability to motivate others

43
Q

Examples of self-governance virtues

(SGFCSPCSIH)

A

Self-understanding
Good moral judgement
Fidelity
Courage
Self-discipline
Perseverance
Conscientiousness
Self-respect
Integrity
Honesty

44
Q

tendency not to harm others intentionally

A

Nonmaleficence

45
Q

preventing harm to others and promoting public safety, health, and welfare

A

Beneficence

46
Q

going beyond the minimum requirements in helping
others

A

generosity

47
Q

being well prepared for the jobs one undertakes

A

Competence

48
Q

alertness to dangers and careful attention to detail in performing tasks

A

Diligence

49
Q

any work for hire regardless of the skill level involved and the
responsibility granted

A

Job

50
Q

employment through which someone makes a living

A

Occupation

51
Q

an occupation requiring special education such as law, medicine,
teaching, or the ministry by which a person habitually earns his
living

A

Profession

52
Q

Attributes of a profession

A
  1. Work that requires sophisticated skills, the use of judgment, and the exercise of discretion.
  2. Membership in the profession requires extensive formal education
  3. The public allows special societies or organizations that are controlled by members of the profession to set
    standards for admission to the profession
  4. Significant public good results from the practice of the
    profession
53
Q

Practice is done on a fee-
for-service basis with a
personal individual
relationship between the
client and the professional

A

Consulting Professions

54
Q

The professional has, more
or less, a fixed task at a
definite time designated
by an individual proprietor
or an institution or
corporation

A

Scholarly Professions

55
Q

Views professional societies as being set up primarily to further
the public good, as described in the definition of a profession

A
  • Social-contract model
56
Q

Professions function as a means for furthering the economic
advantage of the members

A
  • Business model
57
Q

with duty to formulate an idea and from it to create a reality; he develops ideas and elaborate plans and designs

A

Designer

58
Q

he considers and prescribes the methods and manner of construction

A
  • Contractor/Operator
59
Q

he supervises and superintends the execution of the work
and sees to it that it is properly constructed according to
plan and specifications

A
  • Supervisor
60
Q

– he investigates the conditions and determines means by
which those conditions can be utilized and modified to meet
certain ends; and after completion, he must see and
investigate the works whether it has been conducted in
accordance with his created plans

A
  • Investigator
61
Q

– he advises the employer as to the feasibility of the project
proposed, the cost which will be entailed, and the results
which will be accomplished

A

adviser

62
Q
  • consists of the responsibilities and rights that ought to be
    endorsed by those engaged in engineering, and also of
    desirable ideals and personal commitments in engineering
A

Engineering Ethics

63
Q

is the study of the decisions, policies, and values that are
morally desirable in engineering practice and research

A

Engineering Ethics

64
Q

Why study Engineering Ethics?

A

. the ability to think critically and independently about moral issues and to apply this moral thinking to situations that arise in the course of professional
engineering practice

65
Q

Practical skills to increase moral autonomy

(MCCMMMRTMI)

A

Moral Awareness
Cogent Moral Reasoning
Cognitive Coherence
Moral Imagination
Moral Communication
Moral Reasonableness
Respect for Persons
Tolerance and Diversity
Moral Hope
Integrity

66
Q

proficiency in recognizing moral problems and issues in
engineering

A

Moral awareness

67
Q

comprehending, clarifying, and assessing arguments on
opposing sides of moral issues

A

Cogent moral reasoning

68
Q
  • forming consistent and comprehensive viewpoints based on
    consideration of relevant facts
A
  1. Moral coherence
69
Q
  • discerning alternative responses to moral issues and finding
    creative solutions for practical difficulties
A

Moral imagination

70
Q
  • precision in the use of a common ethical language, a skill
    needed to express and support one’s moral views adequately to
    others
A
  1. Moral communication
71
Q
  • the willingness and ability to be morally reasonable
A
  1. Moral reasonableness
72
Q
  • genuine concern for the well-being of others as well as oneself
A
  1. Respect for persons
73
Q
  • respect for ethnic and religious differences and acceptance of
    reasonable differences in moral perspectives
A

Tolerance and diversity

74
Q
  • enriched appreciation of the possibilities of using rational
    dialogue in resolving moral conflicts
A

Moral hope

75
Q
  • maintaining moral integrity and integrating one’s professional
    life and personal convictions
A

Integrity

AS A JOSENIAN IE ^^ (20 decks)

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