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pe-miss henderson/mr cole > Energy systems > Flashcards

Energy systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 energy types used for exercise?

A

Chemical energy-food
Potential energy-storage
Kinetic energy-contraction

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2
Q

What are the 3 energy systems?

A

ATP-PC system
Lactic acid system/Aerobic glycolysis
Aerobic system

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3
Q

What type of reaction is the ATP-PC system?

A

Anaerobic

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4
Q

What is the site of reaction in the ATP-PC system?

A

Muscles-sarcoplasm

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5
Q

What is the food fuel used in ATP-PC?

A

PC(glycogen)

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6
Q

What is the enzyme in ATP-PC?

A

Creatine Kinase

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7
Q

What is the ATP yield in ATP-PC?

A

1 ATP : 1 PC

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8
Q

What is the by-product of ATP-PC?

A

Heat

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9
Q

What intensity exercise is ATP-PC used at?

A

High to maximal

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10
Q

How long does the ATP-PC last for?

A

10 seconds

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11
Q

What are the stages of ATP-PC system?

A

ATP->ADP + Pi + Free Energy

PC->Pi + C + Energy
-> Energy + ADP + Pi->ATP

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12
Q

Where are the enzymes used in the ATP-PC system?

A

ATPase-when ATP broken down into ADP + Pi + Free Energy

Creatine Kinase-when PC broken down into Pi + C + Energy

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13
Q

What parts of the ATP-PC system are endothermic and exothermic?

A

ATP->ADP + Pi + Free Energy = EXOTHERMIC

Energy-> ADP + Pi->ATP = ENDOTHERMIC

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14
Q

What is the coupled reaction in ATP-PC system?

A

Coupled reaction-a product of 1 reaction is used as a reactor in another
PC broken down by Creatine Kinase to Phosphate, Creatine and Energy (exothermic). Energy produced used in next process-Energy and ADP combined producing ATP (endothermic). ATP produced then used to start process off again

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15
Q

What are the strengths of ATP-PC system?

A 
No harmful by-products 
No need for O2
Small recovery time-2mins full, 30sec half
Provides high intensity exercise 
Provides quick ATP resynthesis
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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of ATP-PC system?

A

PC store limited
Low energy yield
Short duration

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17
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

High energy compound-only immediate available source of energy

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18
Q

What is ATPase?

A

Enzyme that catalysts the breakdown of ATP

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19
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Biological catalyst

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20
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

Chemical reaction releasing energy

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21
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

Chemical reaction absorbing energy

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22
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

Compound formed by removal of phosphate bond from ATP

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23
Q

What are some ways of increasing PC stores?

A

Increase muscle mass
Supplement creatine in diet
High protein diet
Maximise fuel stores to delay fatigue

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24
Q

What is the Glycolytic system also known as?

A

Lactic acid system

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25
Q

What type of reaction is the glycolytic?

A

Anaerobic

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26
Q

What is the site of reaction for glycolytic system?

A

Muscles-sarcoplasm

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27
Q

What is the food fuel used in lactic acid system?

A

Carbohydrates

28
Q

What is the enzyme in glycolytic system?

A

PFK (Phosphofructokinase)

29
Q

What is the ATP yield for lactic acid sytem?

A

2 ATP

30
Q

What is the by-product of glycolytic system?

A

Lactic acid

31
Q

What intensity exercise uses lactic acid system?

A

High intensity

32
Q

How long does glycolytic system last for?

A

20secs-3mins

33
Q

What are the stages of glycolytic/lactic acid system?

A

Muscle/liver glycogen->Glucose->Pyruvic acid->Lactic acid
(With energy arrow off from Pyruvic acid to = 2 ATP)
(With muscle sarcoplasm->glucose too)

34
Q

Where are the enzymes in the glycolytic system?

A

GPP(glycogen phosphorylase)-breaks glycogen down into glucose
Anaerobic glycolysis-muscle sarcoplasm to glucose
PFK(phosphofructokinase)-breaks glucose down into Pyruvic acid
LDH(lactate dehydrogenase)-breaks down Pyruvic acid into lactic acid-ONLY IF NO O2

35
Q

What is the worded order of stages in glycolytic system?

A

Glycogen broken down into glucose which is broken down into Pyruvic acid (anaerobic glycolysis). This reaction takes place in sarcoplasm with the controlling enzyme being PFK. If no O2 involved then Pyruvic acid broken down down into lactic acid by LDH

36
Q

What are the strengths of glycolytic/lactic acid system?

A 
Provides energy for high intensity exercise 
Quick ATP resynthesis 
No need for O2
High stores of glycogen-more energy 
2 moles ATP from 1 mole carbohydrate
37
Q

What are the weaknesses of glycolytic/lactic acid system?

A

Harmful by-product-lactic acid
Raises acidity of muscles-stops enzymes
Causes muscle fatigue-failure of muscle function

38
Q

What are the 3 stages in the Aerobic system?

A

1-Aerobic Glycolysis
2-Kerbs Cycle
3-Electron Transport Chain

39
Q

What happens in stage 1 of aerobic system (aerobic glycolysis)?

A

Muscle/liver glycogen->Glucose->Pyruvic acid->+Coenzyme A->=Acetyle COA
(With energy arrow off from Pyruvic acid to= 2 ATP)

40
Q

In stage 1 of aerobic system why is Pyruvic acid broken down into Coenzyme A?

A

O2 is present

41
Q

What happens in stage 2 of aerobic system (Krebs cycle)?

A

Acetyle COA->+Oxaloacetic acid->=Citric acid->Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle->
1. CO2 produced + removed
2. Hydrogen atoms (H+) produced (oxidation)
3. 2 ATP
4. Regeneration of oxaloacetic acid

42
Q

What happens in stage 3 of aerobic system (electron transport chain)?

A

H+->+NAD + FAD (hydrogen carriers)->= NADH + FADH ->cristae of mitochondria…then:
->e- + ETC->34 ATP
->H + ETC->H2O
(H+ ions oxidised and removed as water, e- (hydrogen electrons) release energy to resynthesis ATP)

43
Q

What is the ATP yield in each stage and total energy yield of aerobic system?

A
  1. Aerobic Glycolysis- 2 ATP
  2. Krebs Cycle- 2 ATP
  3. Electron Transport Chain- 34 ATP
    Overall- 38 ATP
44
Q

What are the enzymes used in stage 1 of aerobic system?

A

GPP-breaks down glycogen into glucose
PFK-breaks down glucose into Pyruvic acid
Coenzyme A-breaks down Pyruvic acid to Acetyle COA

45
Q

What type of reaction is the aerobic system?

A

Aerobic

46
Q

What are the sites of reaction in the 3 stages of aerobic system?

A
  1. Aerobic glycolysis- muscle sarcoplasm
  2. Krebs cycle- matrix of mitochondria
  3. Electron transport chain- cristae of mitochondria
47
Q

What are the food fuels used for aerobic system?

A

Glycogen

Fats

48
Q

What are the by products of aerobic system?

A

H2O

CO2

49
Q

What intensity exercise would aerobic system fuel?

A

Sub maximal/ low to moderate

50
Q

How long does the aerobic system last for?

A

3+mins

51
Q

What are the strengths of aerobic system?

A

High ATP yield
No fatiguing by-products
Large fuel stores-long duration of energy production

52
Q

What are the weaknesses of aerobic system?

A

Delay for O2 delivery + complex series of reactions, cant provide energy immediately
Slow energy production limits activity to sub-maximal intensity

53
Q

What is the use of fat in the aerobic system?

A
  • glycogen stores large, long distance runners want to preserve them to ensure they have sufficient stores
  • fats/triglycerides can be metabolised aerobically-huge potential fuel store
  • release of lipase converts triglycerides into FFA (fatty free acids). They can be converted into Acetyle COA and flow the path through Kreb’s cycle and ETC
  • FFA’s produce more Acetyle COA-ideal for 1hr+ activities but require 15% more O2 to metabolise-so must be low intensity
54
Q

What is the energy system continuum?

A

The contribution of each energy system to overall energy production or resynthesis of ATP

55
Q

Where do the energy systems place on the continuum?

A

Explosive energy Long Duration
ATP. ATP-PC. Glycolytic. Aerobic
(Glycolytic more central)

56
Q

What is a threshold?

A

Point at which an athletes predominant energy production moves from 1 energy system to another

57
Q

What are the 6 factors effecting energy systems used?

A 
Exercise intensity+duration 
Energy system threshold 
Fitness level 
O2 transport supply
Food/fuel available 
Enzyme activation levels
58
Q

Do all energy systems work at the same time?

A

YES

59
Q

What is included in exercise duration+intensity?

A

High intensity, short duration = ATP-PC and L.A system
Low intensity, long duration = Aerobic
Lactate accumulation if O2 demand not met in aerobic system-will favour anaerobic respiration

60
Q

What is included in energy system threshold?

A

10sec or less = ATP-PC
10sec-3mins = L.A
3+mins = Aerobic
All work at the same time

61
Q

What is included in O2 transport and supply?

A

Sufficient O2-Aerobic system can provide energy through ATP resythesis
O2 supply effect which fuels can be broken down
If O2 supply isn’t enough for demand-glucose broken down anaerobically using L.A system

62
Q

What is included in food/fuel available?

A

PC stores in ATP-PC used at high intensity-deplete quickly
Glycogen in muscle/liver cells-major source for first 20mins
FFA’s used when glycogen stores deplete-intensity is low, duration long

63
Q

What is included in enzyme activation levels?

A

Creatine Kinase responds to increase in ADP/decrease in ATP to activate the ATP-PC
PFK responds to decrease in PC to activate L.A system
PFK responds to increase in adrenalin/decrease in insulin

64
Q

What is included in fitness levels?

A

More aerobically fit, more efficient moving through systems
Efficiency of cardiovascular system to take in O2 + breakdown fuel sources is greater with increased fitness levels
Trained athletes can deal with harmful by-products better-can sustain activity for longer

65
Q

What are some practical examples of the 3 energy systems?

A

ATP-PC system = 100m sprint
Lactic acid/Anaerobic Glycolysis = 400m sprint (after 15sec)
Aerobic system = triathlon

pe-miss henderson/mr cole (21 decks)

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