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PE-Miss Henderson/Mr Cole > Cardiovascular system during exercise and recovery > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system during exercise and recovery Flashcards

1
Q

Key words for sub maximal exercise intensity

A

Aerobic, long duration, endurance below anaerobic threshold, low-moderate intensity

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2
Q

Key words for maximal exercise intensity

A

Anaerobic, short duration, short bursts, at above anaerobic threshold, high intensity

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3
Q

How many steps of sub maximal exercise is on a graph?

A

5

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4
Q

What happens at part 1 of the sub maximal exercise graph?

A

There is an increase in HR before exercise = anticipatory rise due to adrenaline

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5
Q

What happens at part 2 of the sub maximal exercise graph?

A

There is an fast increase in HR at start of exercise to cope with increased demand for oxygen from muscles

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6
Q

What happens at part 3 of the sub maximal exercise graph?

A

HR plateaus, as the body reaches a steady state, as the supply of 02 has now caught with the demand from the muscles

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7
Q

What happens at part 4 of the sub maximal exercise graph?

A

There is a fast decrease at the end of exercise during first stage of recovery due to a decrease in VR

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8
Q

What happens at part 5 of the sub maximal exercise graph?

A

There is a slower decrease in HR during the second stage of recovery until HR returns to its pre-exercise value

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9
Q

What are the 2 differences of the maximal exercise graph?

A

There is no steady state reached- the supply of 02 never catches up with the demand from the muscles
The recovery time takes longer for HR to return to its pre-exercise value due to higher intensity

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10
Q

What is Starling’s law of the heart?

A

SV depends on VR (venous return-the volume of blood returning to the heart)
During exercise VR increases, so more blood is returning to the heart

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11
Q

Describe the effect of exercise intensities on stroke volume

A

SV increases linearly with exercise intensity
SV plateaus as exercise intensity continues to rise at max intensity, SV decreases
Max SV is reached at sub maximal exercise intensity

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12
Q

Why does SV increase at sub maximal exercise intensity?

A

Because of increased VR and Starling’s Law of the heart

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13
Q

Why does SV plateaus at sub maximal exercise intensity and decreases at maximal exercise intensity?

A

HR increase as exercise intensity increases
There’s not enough time during ventricular diastole for ventricles to fill completely
Less blood in ventricles at end of diastole
Less blood ejected from ventricles per beat
Decreased SV
When SV decreases due to high HR it’s called Cardiovascular drift (less blood pumped out per beat)

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14
Q

What happens to SV during recovery?

A

SV remains elevated during recovery
To maintain blood flow to the muscles in order to remove lactic acid and carbon dioxide
It reduces to its pre-exercise value gradually a cool down helps to maintain SV

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15
Q

What happens to cardiac output (Q) during recovery?

A

Q reduces to its pre-exercise value gradually
HR decreases quickly but SV remains elevated
A cool down helps to maintain Q

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16
Q

Describe what happens to cardiac output during exercise intensities

A

Q increases linearly with exercise intensity

Q plateaus as exercise intensity continues to rise towards maximal intensity

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17
Q

Why does Q increase at sub maximal intensity?

A

Because HR and SV are increasing

Q=HR x SV

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18
Q

Why does Q plateau towards maximal exercise intensity?

A

Because HR continues to increase
SV decreases because of cardiovascular drift
So Q remains constant at its maximum value

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19
Q

What are the average values for HR at rest, sub maximal and maximal exercise intensity for the average person

A

70bpm, 100bpm, 220-age

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20
Q

What are the average values for SV at rest, sub maximal and maximal exercise intensity for the average person

A

70ml, 100ml, 100ml

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21
Q

What are the average values for Q at rest, sub maximal and maximal exercise intensity for the average person

A

5L/min, 10L/min, 20L/min

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22
Q

What are the average values for HR at rest, sub maximal and maximal exercise intensity for a trained athlete

A

50bpm, 120bpm, 220-age

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23
Q

What are the average values for SV at rest, sub maximal and maximal exercise intensity for a trained athlete

A

100ml, 200ml, 200ml

24
Q

What are the average values for Q at rest, sub maximal and maximal exercise intensity for a trained athlete

A

5L/min, 24L/min, 40L/min

25
Q

What is the Vascular shunt mechanism?

A

The redistribution of Q during exercise

26
Q

What are chemoreceptors and their function?

A

They monitor chemical changes in the body during exercise and recovery
Eg. Increase in lactic acid and a decrease in 02

27
Q

What are baroreceptors and their function?

A

They monitor blood pressure increases during exercise and decrease during recovery

28
Q

What are proprioceptors and their function?

A

They monitor increases in muscle activity during exercise and decrease during recovery

29
Q

What is the Vasomotor control centre? (VCC)

A

It’s situated in the brain and controls the vascular shunt mechanism

30
Q

What is sympathetic stimulation?

A

It controls the diameter of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincter
(Vasoconstriction and vasodilation)

31
Q

What is an arteriole?

A

It’s a small artery that carries 02 blood to muscles and organs. It has a muscular middle layer to allow for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

32
Q

What is the pre-capillary sphincter?

A

A small ring shaped muscle at the junction between arteriole and capillary. It can vasoconstrict and dilate

33
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

A decrease in sympathetic stimulation that causes a widening of the diameter of the arteriole and pre capillary sphincter to increase blood flow

34
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

An increase in sympathetic stimulation that causes a narrowing of the diameter of the arteriole and pre capillary sphincter to decrease blood flow

35
Q

Why do we need the vascular shunt mechanism during exercise?

A

So areas of the body with the greatest demand for 02 receive more blood than areas with a low demand

36
Q

What is the Q at rest and the % shared to muscles and organs?

A

Q = 5L/min
20% of Q to muscles
80% of Q to organs

37
Q

What is the Q at maximal exercise and the % shared to muscles and organs?

A

Q = (up to) 40L/min
80% of Q to muscles
20% of Q to organs

38
Q

What is step 1 of redistribution of Q during exercise?

A

The chemoreceptors detect an increase in CO2 or a decrease in 02, the baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure and the proprioceptors detect an increase in muscle activity

39
Q

What is step 2 of redistribution of Q during exercise?

A

The receptors send this info to the VCC

40
Q

What is step 3 of redistribution of Q during exercise?

A

The VCC uses sympathetic nervous system to increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation to the arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

41
Q

What is step 4 of redistribution of Q during exercise?

A

At the muscles the VCC decreases sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters, causing vasodilation of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters, increasing blood flow

42
Q

What is step 5 of redistribution of Q during exercise?

A

At the organs the VCC increases sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters, causing vasoconstriction of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters, decreasing blood flow

43
Q

What is step 1 of redistribution of Q during recovery?

A

The chemoreceptors detect a decrease in CO2 or an increase in 02, the baroreceptors detect a decrease in blood pressure and the proprioceptors detect a decrease in muscle activity

44
Q

What is step 2 of redistribution of Q during recovery?

A

The receptors send this info to the VCC

45
Q

What is step 3 of redistribution of Q during recovery?

A

The VCC uses sympathetic nervous system to increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation to the arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

46
Q

What is step 4 of redistribution of Q during recovery?

A

At the muscles the VCC increases sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters, causing vasoconstriction of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters, decreasing blood flow

47
Q

What is step 5 of redistribution of Q during recovery?

A

At the organs the VCC decreases sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters, causing vasodilation of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters, increasing blood flow

48
Q

What are the 2 problems with maintaining venous return during exercise?

A
  1. The blood pressure in the veins that return the blood back to the heart = 0
  2. Most of the Q is in the legs so has to travel against gravity to return to the heart
49
Q

What are the 5 solutions to help maintain venous return during exercise?

A
  1. Pocket valves in larger veins to prevent bad flow of blood
  2. Skeletal muscle pump, when the lower leg muscles contract they get wider and rests against the vein walls squeezing blood towards the heart
  3. Smooth muscle, thin layer of smooth muscle in vein walls allow for some venoconstriction to move the blood towards the heart
  4. Respiratory pump, pressure of flattening diaphragm (when inspiring) decreases volume and increases pressure in abdomen to below pressure in the thoracic cavity, pulls blood up towards the heart
  5. Gravity from above the heart aids blood returning to the heart from the upper body
50
Q

What happens to VR during recovery?

A

As you need to maintain Q, HR decreases but SV is maintained with the 5 solutions. So an active recovery is used to maintain the skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps to maintain VR, if not blood can pool in the legs causing VR to decrease and SV to decrease; this can lead to dizziness

51
Q

What is the intrinsic factors of HR regulation during exercise?

A
  1. Increased temp- increases speed of nerve transmission, stimulating the SA node, increasing HR
  2. Increase VR- stretches of atrial and ventricular walls, increasing HR…SV…Q
52
Q

What are the 2 types of extrinsic factors of regulation for HR during exercise?

A

Neural and Hormonal

53
Q

What are the neural factors for regulation of HR during exercise?

A

Chemoreceptors- detect increase in CO2 etc.
Baroreceptors- detect increase in blood pressure
Proprioceptors- detect increase in muscle activity
The receptors send this info to the CARDIAC CONTROL CENTRE (CCC). The CCC uses the sympathetic nervous system to increase firing rate of SA node, increasing HR

54
Q

What are the hormonal factors for regulation of HR during exercise?

A

Adrenaline released from adrenal glands stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, increasing firing rate of SA node, increasing HR. Adrenaline increases force of cardiac contractions too, SV then increases causing Q to increase

55
Q

What is the regulation of HR during recovery step 1- intrinsic factors?

A

There is a gradual decrease in temp, decreasing speed of nerve transmissions causing HR to decrease, a gradual decrease in VR causes SV to decrease

56
Q

What is the regulation of HR during recovery step 2- neural factors?

A

Chemoreceptors detect decrease in CO2, baroreceptors detect decrease in blood pressure and proprioceptors detect in muscle activity. This info sent to the CCC, that uses the parasympathetic nervous system to decrease firing rate of SA node, decreasing HR

57
Q

What is the regulation of HR during recovery step 3- hormonal factors?

A

Release of adrenaline inhibited causing decrease in firing rate of SA node, decreasing HR

PE-Miss Henderson/Mr Cole (21 decks)

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