Energetics - Unit 3 Flashcards
What is activation energy?
Activation energy is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction.
What are enzymes?
Catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions
What do enzymes do?
Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
Are enzymes altered in the process?
No. Enzymes are not altered or consumed in the process.
Can chemical reactions occur without enzymes?
Yes but the chemical reaction will be too slow to support life.
What is the active site in an enzyme?
The active site is a specific part of an enzyme where its substrate will fit.
Is the fit in the enzyme specific to the substrate?
Fit is very specific for enzyme and substrate
What happens when an enzyme and a substrate come into contact?
When enzyme and substrate contact there is a slight, temporary shape change. When the substrate leaves the enzyme returns to its original shape.
What are some things that can denature an enzyme since they are sensitive to change in their environment
Changes in Temperature, pH, salt can all denature an enzyme
What is an inhibitor?
Chemicals that interfere with an enzyme’s activity
What is a competitive inhibitor?
It is an inhibitor that block the active site of an enzyme
What is a Noncompetitive inhibitor?
A noncompetitive inhibitor binds elsewhere and change the shape of the active site
Where does photosynthesis take place in an Autotroph?
The chloroplasts in leaves.
What happens in a Stomata?
Water vapor and gases are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.
What are Stomata in a plant?
Pores on the underside of the leaf.
Which light do chlorophyll reflect?
Chloroplasts reflect green light.
Which lights are absorbed the best by chlorophyll?
Red and blue-violet light is absorbed best.
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O ——-> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
Does Photosynthesis require carbon dioxide.
yes, photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide.
Where are chlorophyll molecules located?
Chlorophyll molecules are located in the Thylakoid membrane.
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light Dependent and Light Independent (Calvin Cycle)
Where do Light Dependent Reactions take place?
Take place inside the thylakoid membranes.
What do Light Dependent Reactions require?
Requires Light, H2O
What do Light Dependent Reactions produce?
Produces ATP, energy-carrying molecules, and oxygen.
What do Light Dependent Reactions produce as a waste product?
Produces O2 as a waste product
In a Light Dependent Reaction what is being used up?
Water is being used up.
What is a Light Dependent Reaction’s formula?
CO2+ H2O ——> O2+ Glucose
Where do Light Independent Reactions take place?
In the stroma of chloroplasts
What is being used in the Calvin Cycle/ Light Independent Reactions?
The ATP and energy carriers from the Light Dependent Reactions and CO2 to make sugar.
Glucose that is produced in photosynthesis can be sent where?
Glucose produced can then be sent to non-photosynthetic plant parts (or used at night)
In the mitochondria to make ATP
What is consumed as a reactant in Cellular respiration?
Oxygen and Sugar
What are the 3 stages of Cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
Where does Cellular Respiration take place?
Cellular Respiration takes place in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria.
Where does Glycolysis take place?
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm
Where does the Krebs Cycle and The Electron Transport Chain take place?
They take place in the mitochondria
What are the folds in the mitochondria called?
The folds are called Cristae
What is the space inside the folds called in the Mitochondria?
Its called the Matrix
What does Glycolysis do?
Glycolysis splits glucose and produces 2 ATP
What does the Krebs Cycle do?
The Krebs Cycle further breaks down glucose.
What does the Krebs Cycle produce as waste?
CO2
What does the Krebs Cycle produce?
Produces a few ATP, and other those temporary energy carriers, FADH2 and NADH
Where do electron move to in the Electron Transport Chain?
NADH2 and FADH move electrons around to power a hydrogen pump
How much ATP does ATP synthase produce?
Up to 34 ATP (Makes the most ATP in the entire process)
In the ETC what is Oxygen converted to?
H2O (Water)
What does Fermentation do?
Fermentation allows Glycolysis to continue
Glycolysis is the only step in Cellular respiration that does not require _____
Oxygen
Glycolysis requires for some ___ to be regenerated. _____ allows glycolysis to keep going by re-generating the molecules required.
Glycolysis requires for some molecules to be regenerated. Fermentation allows glycolysis to keep going by re-generating the molecules required.
What are the two types of Glycolysis?
Lactic-Acid fermentation and Alcoholic fermentation
Why can’t Fermentation be long-term?
The waste products are toxic to the cells once the concentration gets high.
What products enter fermentation?
The products from Glycolysis enter fermentation
What does Lactic acid fermentation produce?
Lactic acid
What does Alcoholic fermentation produce?
Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
