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Biology > Energetics - Unit 3 > Flashcards

Energetics - Unit 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Activation energy is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction.

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2
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions

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3
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

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4
Q

Are enzymes altered in the process?

A

No. Enzymes are not altered or consumed in the process.

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5
Q

Can chemical reactions occur without enzymes?

A

Yes but the chemical reaction will be too slow to support life.

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6
Q

What is the active site in an enzyme?

A

The active site is a specific part of an enzyme where its substrate will fit.

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7
Q

Is the fit in the enzyme specific to the substrate?

A

Fit is very specific for enzyme and substrate

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8
Q

What happens when an enzyme and a substrate come into contact?

A

When enzyme and substrate contact there is a slight, temporary shape change. When the substrate leaves the enzyme returns to its original shape.

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9
Q

What are some things that can denature an enzyme since they are sensitive to change in their environment

A

Changes in Temperature, pH, salt can all denature an enzyme

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10
Q

What is an inhibitor?

A

Chemicals that interfere with an enzyme’s activity

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11
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

It is an inhibitor that block the active site of an enzyme

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12
Q

What is a Noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

A noncompetitive inhibitor binds elsewhere and change the shape of the active site

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13
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in an Autotroph?

A

The chloroplasts in leaves.

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14
Q

What happens in a Stomata?

A

Water vapor and gases are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.

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15
Q

What are Stomata in a plant?

A

Pores on the underside of the leaf.

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16
Q

Which light do chlorophyll reflect?

A

Chloroplasts reflect green light.

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17
Q

Which lights are absorbed the best by chlorophyll?

A

Red and blue-violet light is absorbed best.

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18
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ——-> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

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19
Q

Does Photosynthesis require carbon dioxide.

A

yes, photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide.

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20
Q

Where are chlorophyll molecules located?

A

Chlorophyll molecules are located in the Thylakoid membrane.

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21
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light Dependent and Light Independent (Calvin Cycle)

22
Q

Where do Light Dependent Reactions take place?

A

Take place inside the thylakoid membranes.

23
Q

What do Light Dependent Reactions require?

A

Requires Light, H2O

24
Q

What do Light Dependent Reactions produce?

A

Produces ATP, energy-carrying molecules, and oxygen.

25
Q

What do Light Dependent Reactions produce as a waste product?

A

Produces O2 as a waste product

26
Q

In a Light Dependent Reaction what is being used up?

A

Water is being used up.

27
Q

What is a Light Dependent Reaction’s formula?

A

CO2+ H2O ——> O2+ Glucose

28
Q

Where do Light Independent Reactions take place?

A

In the stroma of chloroplasts

29
Q

What is being used in the Calvin Cycle/ Light Independent Reactions?

A

The ATP and energy carriers from the Light Dependent Reactions and CO2 to make sugar.

30
Q

Glucose that is produced in photosynthesis can be sent where?

A

Glucose produced can then be sent to non-photosynthetic plant parts (or used at night)
In the mitochondria to make ATP

31
Q

What is consumed as a reactant in Cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen and Sugar

32
Q

What are the 3 stages of Cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain

33
Q

Where does Cellular Respiration take place?

A

Cellular Respiration takes place in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria.

34
Q

Where does Glycolysis take place?

A

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm

35
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle and The Electron Transport Chain take place?

A

They take place in the mitochondria

36
Q

What are the folds in the mitochondria called?

A

The folds are called Cristae

37
Q

What is the space inside the folds called in the Mitochondria?

A

Its called the Matrix

38
Q

What does Glycolysis do?

A

Glycolysis splits glucose and produces 2 ATP

39
Q

What does the Krebs Cycle do?

A

The Krebs Cycle further breaks down glucose.

40
Q

What does the Krebs Cycle produce as waste?

A

CO2

41
Q

What does the Krebs Cycle produce?

A

Produces a few ATP, and other those temporary energy carriers, FADH2 and NADH

42
Q

Where do electron move to in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

NADH2 and FADH move electrons around to power a hydrogen pump

43
Q

How much ATP does ATP synthase produce?

A

Up to 34 ATP (Makes the most ATP in the entire process)

44
Q

In the ETC what is Oxygen converted to?

A

H2O (Water)

45
Q

What does Fermentation do?

A

Fermentation allows Glycolysis to continue

46
Q

Glycolysis is the only step in Cellular respiration that does not require _____

A

Oxygen

47
Q

Glycolysis requires for some ___ to be regenerated. _____ allows glycolysis to keep going by re-generating the molecules required.

A

Glycolysis requires for some molecules to be regenerated. Fermentation allows glycolysis to keep going by re-generating the molecules required.

48
Q

What are the two types of Glycolysis?

A

Lactic-Acid fermentation and Alcoholic fermentation

49
Q

Why can’t Fermentation be long-term?

A

The waste products are toxic to the cells once the concentration gets high.

50
Q

What products enter fermentation?

A

The products from Glycolysis enter fermentation

51
Q

What does Lactic acid fermentation produce?

A

Lactic acid

52
Q

What does Alcoholic fermentation produce?

A

Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide

Biology (16 decks)

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