DNA - Unit 4 Flashcards
What are the building blocks of DNA?
Nucleotides
What are nucleotides made of?
Nucleotides are made of a Phosphate, Deoxyribonucleic Sugar, and a Nitrogen Base.
What did Erwin Chargaff come up with?
He came up with Chargaff’s Rules. A=T G=C
What is a Phosphodiester Bond?
A Phosphodiester Bond is where the Sugars of one nucleotide is attached to the phosphates of the next.
What makes up the backbone of DNA?
Sugar Phosphates
What makes up the middle of DNA?
Nucleic bases
Where is DNA in a Eukaryotic Cell?
In the Nucleus
What kind of bonds are bases held by?
Hydrogen Bonds
Are hydrogen bases easy to break. If so, why?
Hydrogen Bonds are easy to break because it needs to be broken for DNA replication.
What bonds hold the backbone of DNA?
Covalent Bonds
Are Covalent Bonds strong?
Yes Covalent Bonds are strong.
When does DNA have to be replicated?
Before a cell divides.
What helps with knowing the other half of a DNA strand?
Basic Paring rules. A=T G=C
What are the 4 enzymes that help with DNA replication?
Helicase, DNA polymerase, Ligase, and Primase.
Where are free nucleotides in a cell?
There are nucleotides floating around in the cell. (A,T,G,C)
What is the first step of DNA replication?
Unzip / Unwind DNA
Which Enzyme unzips DNA?
Helicase unwinds the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds.
What forms after unzipping strands of DNA
A Replication Fork or a Replication Bubble
What is the place that Helicase starts to unwind DNA called?
It’s called the “Origin of Replication”
Multiple origins of replication helps with ____
Multiple origins of replication helps with speeding up the replication process.
What is step 2 in DNA replication?
In the 2nd step DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides.
What are the flaws of polymerase?
- DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides if there is an existing nucleotide present.
- DNA polymerase can only add new bases in one direction of DNA (3’)
What does Primase do?
Primase gives DNA polymerase a nucleotide to start with by creating an “RNA primer”
What kind of sugar does RNA (Nucleic Acid) have?
Ribose Sugar
