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Livestock Reproduction 333 > Endrocrinology > Flashcards

Endrocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a hormone.

A

A physiologic, organic substance synthesized by a ductless endocrine gland, which travels in the circulation in nanomolar to picomolar amounts to interact with specific receptors to inhibit, stimulate or regulate the functional activity of a target organ.

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2
Q

Which Areas are concerned with the tonic release of GnRH?

A

ME, ARC, VMN

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3
Q

What region is the hypothalamus within?

A

third ventricle from the optic chiasm to mammillary bodies

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4
Q

Areas concerned with the surge release of GnRH and gonadotropins include?

A

PON, AHA, SCN

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5
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

sella turcica in a depression of the sphnoid

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6
Q

What three parts are divided into the pituitary?

A

Anterior, intermediate and posterior lobes

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7
Q

What other terms are used to describe the anterior pituitary gland?

A

pars anterior, pars distalis, adenohypophysis

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8
Q

What terms are used to describe the posterior pituitary?

A

pars nervosa, neurohypophysis

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9
Q

What does pars mean?

A

Pituitary

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10
Q

Name the 5 cell types and which of the six hormone they secrete.

A

1) Somatotrophs-GH
2) Corticortrophs-ACTH
3) Mammotrophs-Prolactin
4) Thyrotrophs-TSH
5) Gonadotrophs-FSH and LH

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11
Q

How does the arterial blood enter the pituitary?

A

superior and inferior hypophseal artery

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12
Q

What does the superior hypophseal artery form?

A

Capillary loops at the median eminence and anterior pituitary

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13
Q

Where does the blood flow after the capillaries?

A

the portal system which begins and ends in capillaries without going through the heart

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14
Q

Describe retrograde flow.

A

Blood flow from the pituitarty back to the hypthalamus

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the retrograde flow?

A

Provide the pituitary negative flow

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16
Q

Which pituitary does not contain a portal system?

A

Posterior

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17
Q

Where are the growth factors produced?

A

From different tissues to diffuse into target cells.

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18
Q

Hormone related substances control the growth and development of what?

A

Several organs, tissue and cultured cells

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19
Q

What does the hypothalamus consist of?

A

Clusters of nerve cells bodies called hypothalamic nuclei

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20
Q

What is the third ventricle and what surrounds it?

A

Hypothalamic nuclei surround the third ventricle which is a small cavity in the center of the brain

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21
Q

What does the hypothalamus have VASCULAR connections to?

A

The anterior lobe of the pituitary

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22
Q

Describe the neural connections of the hypothalamus

A

the connect to the posterior lobe of the pituitary through the hypothalamic-hypophseal tract

23
Q

What does sella turcica translation mean?

A

Turkey Saddle

24
Q

Where does the superior hypophyseal artery divide?

A

It divides into smaller capillaries at the level of the pituitary stalk into the primary portal plexus

25
Q

Describe the releasing and inhibitory hormones role in the blood flow.

A

These hormones are transferred to the secondary portal plexus and cause the release or inhibition of hormones from pituitary cells

26
Q

What hormones are made in the posterior pituitary?

A

None they are only stored there

27
Q

Where is the neurohormone released from and where does it go?

A

Release from the posterior pituitary and released into a simple arteroveneous capillary plexus

28
Q

What do gonads produce?

A

Gametes and gonadal hormones

29
Q

Describe the male gonads.

A

The interstitial cells in the ST, called Leydig cells produce testosterone

30
Q

Describe the gonads of the female.

A

Granulosa cells of the follicle make E2

After ovulation the theca interna and granulosa cells make up the CL and produce P4

31
Q

How are the reproductive hormones divided?

A

By chemical structure

  • Proteins
  • Steroids
  • Fatty Acids
  • Amines
32
Q

Describe protein hormones

A

Polypeptides

Oxytocin, FSH, LH

33
Q

Describe the steroid hormones.

A

Derived from cholesterol

Testosterone, E2 and P4

34
Q

Describe half life of a hormone.

A

The time required of half the quantity of a hormone to disappear from the blood or body

35
Q

Describe the fatty acid hormones

A

Derived from arachidonic acid

PGF2a

36
Q

Describe amine hormones

A

Derived from tyrosine or tryptophan

Melatonin

37
Q

What has to happen for a hormone to cause a response?

A

It must interact with the target tissue. The cells of the target tissue must have receptors to bind the hormone

38
Q

What does the affinity mean in receptor signaling?

A

hold or grasp that the receptors have on the hormone

39
Q

What are the two factors of hormonal potency?

A

Receptor density and hormone receptor affinity

40
Q

Compare and contrast hormone agonists and antagonists.

A

Agonists are artificial, cause the same biological effects as the native hormone, promote greater physiological activity

Antagonists- have a greater affinity but promote weaker biological activity, prevents the native hormone from binding by sitting on the receptor and blocking

41
Q

Name the four steps of the protein hormone signaling.

A

1) Hormone Receptor Binding
2) Adenylate Cyclase Activation
3) Protein Kinase Activation
4) Synthesis of New Products

42
Q

What occurs in the first step of protein hormone signaling?

A

1) Hormone diffuses from the blood into the interstitial compartment
2) Binds to the membrane bound receptor

43
Q

Where does the lock and key binding occur for protein hormones?

A

On the surface

44
Q

What happens in the second stage of protein hormone signaling?

A

Hormone receptor complex activates a membrane bound enzyme know as adenylate cyclase. Hormone receptor is formed when G protein is transformed to activate the AC enzyme

45
Q

What membrane bound protein mediates the AC activity?

A

G-protein

46
Q

The activation of AC causes what conversion?

A

ATP to cAMP + PPi in the cytoplasm of the cell

47
Q

What are the two messengers in protein hormone signaling?

A
  • Hormone is the primary messenger

- cAMP is the second messenger

48
Q

What happens in stage three of the protein hormone signaling.

A

cAMP activates a family of control enzymes located in the cytoplasm called in protein kinases

49
Q

What does PK do?

A

Activate the enzymes in the cytoplasm to convert substrates to products

50
Q

How is the catalytic subunit of protein hormone signaling activated?

A

cAMP binds to the regulatory unit of PK

51
Q

What occurs in step 4 of the protein hormone signaling?

A

Products made by the cells are secreted

52
Q

Name the three pituitary hormones.

A

FSH, LH and Prolactin

53
Q

How is prolactin the exception of the pituitary hormones?

A

Secretion is under tonic inhibition by dopamine

54
Q

What does prolactin do in rodents?

A

Initiates and maintains lactation and is luteotrophic

Livestock Reproduction 333 (16 decks)

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