Endocrinology/Pulmonology/Gastroenterology

Question 1

What does abberant thyroid glandular tissue arise from?

Answer 1

Thyroglossal duct

Question 2

What is a clinical consequence of a pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland?

Answer 2

If it extends high up, it can cause problems for tracheotomy

Question 3

In the absence of a thyroid isthmus, what can arise from the thyroid gland?

Answer 3

Pyramidal lobe

Question 4

Where can the thyroid ima A. arise?

Answer 4

Brachiocephalic trunk, arch of aorta, R common carotid, subclavian, or internal thoracic As.

Question 5

What is a clinical consequence of the presence of a thyroid ima a.?

Answer 5

Potential source of bleeding for a central tracheotomy

Question 6

What causes an exopthalmic goiter? What happens as a result?

Answer 6

Overproduction of thyroid hormone

Bulging eyeballs

Question 7

What nerves are at risk when performing a thyroidectomy?

Answer 7

Recurrent Laryngeal Ns.

Question 8

What is the name of the openings from the nasal cavities to nasal pharynx?

Answer 8

Choanae

Question 9

What is the name of the openings from the oral cavity to the oropharynx?

Answer 9

Fauces

Question 10

If a foreign body enters the airway at the Laryngeal inlet, what structure can they become trapped between?

Answer 10

Vestibular folds

Question 11

What is involved in a cricothyrotomy?

Answer 11

Large needle passed through cricothyroid membrane to allow air entry

Question 12

Tracheostomies are usually performed at what landmarks?

Answer 12

Between 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

Question 13

What physical changes can be seen in the laryngeal cartilages as people age?

Answer 13

Males: presence of testosterone causes growth of laryngeal cartilage and formation of “Adam’s apple”

Over 65 y/o: calcification and ossification

Question 14

Patients who have been treated for laryngeal CA with laryngectomy and tracheostomy usually have loss of what? Replaced with what?

Answer 14

Vocalization/Speech

Electrolarynx, tracheoesophageal prosthesis, esophageal speech (burping words)

Question 15

Abnormal patency of remnants of 2nd pharyngeal pouch and 2nd pharyngeal groove can result in what? Where is this located?

Answer 15

Branchial fistula between tonsillar cleft and side of neck

Question 16

What is a branchial sinus a result of? What is involved?

Answer 16

Embryonic cervical sinus failing to disappear, leaves an open sinus on the outside but not on the inside

Question 17

Complications of a Branchial cyst can involve what nerves?

Answer 17

Hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, and spinal accessory (close to SCM)

Question 18

What does stage 1 of deglutination involve?

Answer 18

Voluntary compression of bolus against soft palate from mouth to oropharynx

Question 19

What does stage 2 of deglutination involve?

Answer 19

Involuntary sealing of nasopharynx from oropharynx while suprahyoid and anterior longitudinal Ms elevate the larynx

Question 20

What does stage 3 of deglutination involve?

Answer 20

Involuntary sequential contraction of the 3 pharyngeal constrictor ms, forcing bolus into esophagus