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NS Exam 1 > Anatomic Imaging > Flashcards

Anatomic Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What is XR radiography primarily used to evaluate?

A

Trauma (fx)

Degenerative disease (RA)

Post-op checks

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2
Q

What is the difference between fluoroscopy and XR?

A

Fluoroscopy is real-time XR, continuous radiation passing through the body onto a fluorescent screen to produce a moving XR image

Fluoroscopy used for both diagnosis and intervention

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3
Q

What are the main imaging modalities that use fluoroscopy?

A

Swallow studies

Angiography

Myelography

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4
Q

Why have barium swallow studies largely been replaced by endoscopy?

A

Time consuming

Contrast

Radiation

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5
Q

What invasive procedure involves inserting a catheter into a large blood vessel and is guided to a target blood vessel?

A

Angiography

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6
Q

What type of fluoroscopy injects contrast intrathecally?

A

Myelography

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7
Q

What is a myelography used for?

A

Inject contrast to visualize on CT:

Spinal stenosis, nerve root compression, CSF leak, and if an MRI in a pt is contraindicated (they have metal devices)

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8
Q

What are the pros of using myelography?

A

Defines subarachnoid space

Identifies spinal block

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9
Q

What are the cons to using myelography?

A

Invasive

Can cause HA and CSF leak

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10
Q

Why would ultrasound be used to evaluate carotid stenosis?

A

US can quantitate blood velocity

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11
Q

What imaging modality measures in radiodensity?

A

Computed Tomography (CT)

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12
Q

What imaging modality measures in radiointensity?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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13
Q

What is a narrower window of Hounsfield units comparing?

A

Areas with similar HUs (Soft tissue vs blood)

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14
Q

What is a wide window of HUs comparing?

A

Areas with very different HUs (Bone vs air)

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15
Q

What is the level of the CT? What is the window?

A

Level: Center of the window

Window: Range of units

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16
Q

What imaging modality is the most beneficial for ruling out a large neurological pathology?

A

Computed Tomography

17
Q

What imaging modality has low sensitivity in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

CT

18
Q

What is the preferred initial study for patients with acute (within 3 hours) neurological symptom onset?

A

Non-Contrast CT

19
Q

When is a contrast-enhanced CT typically indicated?

A

Neurological symptoms lasting longer than 3 hours

Neoplasm

Infection

Vascular disease

Inflammatory disease

20
Q

When is a contrast-enhanced CT typically not indicated?

A

Trauma

Rule out hemorrhage

Hydrocephalus

Dementia

Epilepsy

21
Q

What type of contrast is used for CT? MRI?

A

CT - Iodine

MRI - Gadolinium

22
Q

What is the risk of using gadolinium-based contrast?

A

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with renal insufficiency

23
Q

What does radiographic enhancement mean?

A

Tissue gets brighter when contrast is applied, reflects vascularity of tissue

24
Q

What neurological structures will enhance normally with IV contrast?

A

Cerebral blood vessels

Meninges

Pineal gland

Pituitary gland

Choroid plexus

25
Q

What does enhancement in the brain parenchyma indicate?

A

Blood brain barrier is absent or dysfunctional

26
Q

What is the difference between XR and CT Angiography?

A

XR - Can only visualize vessels where catheter is, higher resolution

CT - can evaluate vessels from origin to intracranial, lower resolution

27
Q

What imaging modality is best for evaluating ischemia?

A

MRI - Can see ischemic tissue whereas CT contrast will not show contrast going to ischemic area

28
Q

How do CSF and white matter appear in a T2 MRI?

A

CSF - Bright, hyperintense

White matter - Dark, hypointense

29
Q

What is the difference between a normal T2 MRI and a T2 FLuid Attenuated Inversion Recovery?

A

FLAIR removes CSF from T2 image and can locate areas of abnormal fluid collection/fluid with increased ptn content (edema, abscess)

NS Exam 1 (18 decks)

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