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Pediatrics Rotation > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

it is critical to evaluate what in short stature to differentiate it from normal to pathologic stature

A

growth rate

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2
Q

children who grow how many inches a year between 3 years and puberty do not have something wrong with them

A

2 inches

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3
Q

what ratio can indicate diproportionate short stature

A

U/L ratio

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4
Q

familial short stature

A

normal bone age

normal onset of puberty

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5
Q

constitutional short stature

A

delayed bone age
late onset of puberty
- normal

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6
Q

4 causes of prenatal onset proportionate short stature

A
  1. environmental exposures
  2. chromosome
  3. genetic
  4. viral
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7
Q

what do you consider when you see disproportionate short stature

A

rickets

skeletal dysplasia

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8
Q

indirect test for insulin insufficiency

A

IGF-1

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9
Q

what must be considered in any child older than 5 years of age who is not growing 2 inches per year

A

craniopharyngioma

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10
Q

name 4 endocrinopathies that cause short stature

A
  1. GH deficiency
  2. hypothyroidism
  3. hypercortisolism
  4. turner
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11
Q

Thelarche

A

onset of breast devleopment

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12
Q

Adrenarche

A

onset of pubic or axillary hair

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13
Q

onset of female puberty

A

7-13 years

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14
Q

onset of male puberty

A

9-14

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15
Q

first sign of puberty in males

A

testicular enlargment

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16
Q

precocious puberty for girls

A

breast or hair before 7 years

menarche before 9 years

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17
Q

precocious puberty for boys

A

before 9

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18
Q

Isosexual precocious puberty or central precocious pubterty

A

early onset of gonadotropin mediated puberty

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19
Q

cause of Isosexual precocious puberty or central precocious pubterty in girls

A

idiopathic

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20
Q

Isosexual precocious puberty or central precocious pubterty in boys

A

need to get an MRI of head

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21
Q

test to demonstte premature acitivation of hypothalamus

A

GnRH stimulation test

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22
Q

GnRH stimulation test for Isosexual precocious puberty or central precocious pubterty

A

LH increases

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23
Q

Peripheral precocious puberty or heterosexual gonadotropin-independent puberty

A

peripheral production of male and female steroids

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24
Q

GnRH test for Peripheral precocious puberty or heterosexual gonadotropin-independent puberty

A

flat response

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25
Q

do boys have testicular enlargement in Peripheral precocious puberty or heterosexual gonadotropin-independent puberty

A

no

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26
Q

3 causes of Peripheral precocious puberty or heterosexual gonadotropin-independent puberty in boys with testicular enlargement

A
  1. McCune-Albright syndrome
  2. Testotoxicosis
  3. Beta-HCG secreting tumor
27
Q

testotoxicosis

A

testes enlarge bilaterally independent of HPGA

28
Q

Delayed puberty for boy

A

no testicular enlargement by 14

29
Q

delayed puberty for girls

A

no breast tissue by 13

no menarche by 14

30
Q

3 genetic disorder of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

A
  1. Kallman syndrome
  2. Prader-Willi
  3. Lawrence-Moon-Biedle syndrome
31
Q

chromosomal disorders for hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

A

boys: Klinefelter
girls: Turner

32
Q

when is sex determined

A

7 weeks gestation

33
Q

fetal testes produce? from what cell

A

testosterone: leydig cells

anti-mullerian hormone: sertoli cells

34
Q

what hormone is responsible for extra genitalia in males

A

DHT

35
Q

mixed gonadal dysgenesis

A

45XO/46XY

36
Q

true hermaphroditism

A

both ovarian and testicular gonadal tissue

37
Q

testicular feminization syndrome

A

female on outside but 46XY

38
Q

most common cause of female pseudohermaphroditism

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

21-hydroxylase deficiency

39
Q

Increase blood pressure and decrease blood pressure suggests

A

increase: CAH with 11B-OH deficiency
decease: adrenal insufficiency

40
Q

what regulates mineralcorticoid synthesis

A

renin-angiotensin system

41
Q

what is lab value that indicates aldosterone deficiency

A

hyperkalemia

42
Q

what is not deficient in secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

no aldosterone deficiency

43
Q

how is CAH inhertied

A

autosomal recessive

44
Q

3 enzymes that can be deficient in CAH

A
  • 21 hydroxylase
  • 11Beta-hydroxylase
  • 3Beta-hydroxyteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
45
Q

difference between 1Beta-hydroxylase and 1 hydroxylase

A

11Beta-hydroxylase: hypertensive and hypokalemic

46
Q

if you are 21 hydroxylase deficient, what is elevated

A

17-hydroxyprogesterone

47
Q

if you are 11Beta-hydroxylase deficient, what is elevated

A

11-deoxycortisol (specific compound S)

48
Q

Addison’s disease

A

autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

49
Q

how do you test adrenal insufficiency

A

ACTH stimulation test

50
Q

is adrenal crisis a medical emergency

A

yes

51
Q

most common cause of glucocorticoid excess

A

iatrogenic

52
Q

cushing disease

A

excessive ACTH production

53
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

benign or malignant adrenal tumors

54
Q

test for excessive cortisol

A

dexamethasone suppression test

55
Q

most Type I diabetic have what HLA defect

A

HLA haplotype DR3 and DR4

56
Q

autoimmune factors for type I Diabetes

A
  • islet cell antibodies
  • antibodies against insulin
  • antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase
57
Q

“honeymoon period”

A

patients see reduction in daily insulin requirements

58
Q

Somogyi phenomenon

A

evening dose of insulin is too high

  • morning hypoglycemia
  • body compensates with high glucose and ketone in morning
59
Q

which one has a higher genetic componenet Diabetes 1 or 2

A

2

60
Q

define DKA

A

sugar greater than 300
bicarb less than 15
ph less than 7.30

61
Q

what does insulin do to potassium

A

move K in cell

62
Q

what does glucagon do during DKA

A

converts free fatty acids into ketone bodies

63
Q

Management of DKA

A

fluids, insulin, and potassium

64
Q

T3 and T4 bind to what in circulation

A

thyroid-binding protien

Pediatrics Rotation (19 decks)

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