Endocrine Tissues

Question 1

Name 3 organs with endocrine cells

Answer 1

• Heart
• Thymus
• Liver
• Stomach
• Kidney
• Small Intestine

Question 2

Name 2 categories of hormone

Answer 2

• Peptides
• Steroid
• Catecholamines
• Thyroid

Question 3

What system exists between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

Answer 3

Portal System

Question 4

At what point in development does the endocrine system develop?

Answer 4

From week 5 of gestation

Question 5

Name the 6 endocrine glands

Answer 5

• Pituitary (anterior and posterior)
• Hypothalamus
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
• Adrenal Glands
• Pancreas

Question 6

Name 2 hormones produced by the Hypothalamus and where do they travel to?

Answer 6

• Vasopressin (ADH)
• Oxytocin
• Posterior Pituitary

Question 7

Name 2 homeostatic systems regulated by the Hypothalamus

Answer 7

• Thermoregulation
• Heart Rate
• Circadian Rhythms
• Emotiom

Question 8

Give 1 hormone produced by the pituitary, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

Answer 8

Pituitary - Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Anterior Pituitary - Growth hormone, Prolactin
Posterior Pituitary - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Oxytocin

Question 9

Name 1 hormone produced by the Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Glands and Pancreas

Answer 9

Thyroid - Thyroxine (T4), Triodothyroinine (T3)
Parathyroid - Parathormone (PTH)
Adrenal Glands - Corticosteroids, Oestrogen
Pancreas - Glucagon, Insulin

Question 10

Which system controls the Adrenal Glands?

Answer 10

Neuroendocrine (Nervous System)

Question 11

What causes Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism?

Answer 11

Hyperthyroidism - High T3 or T4 and low TSH

Hypothyroidism - Low T3 or T4 and high TSH

Question 12

What cells are contained within the Thyroid and give one of their functions

Answer 12

• Parafollicular

- Produce Thyrocalcitonin which monitors and adjusts calcium concentrations

Question 13

What is the function of the Parathyroid and what is its purpose?

Answer 13

Monitors plasma calcium and releases PTH accordingly

Question 14

Where are the Thyroid and Parathyroid located?

Answer 14

• Thyroid is butterfly shaped and sits either side of the trachea
• Parathyroid Glands are located on the reverse of the Thyroid in 4 corners

Question 15

Which part of the Adrenal Glands release hormones and how many layers does it have?

Answer 15

Cortex which has 3 layers

Question 16

What response is initiated by Cortical Hormones and where are it’s effectors located?

Answer 16

• Stress response

- Effectors located in the Hypothalamus

Question 17

Name 2 hormones produced by Adrenal Glands

Answer 17

• Aldosterone
• Glucocortoids
• Androgen precursors

Question 18

Explain the short-term stress response in basic terms

Answer 18

• Hypothalamus is activated
• Sends signals to adrenal glands and pituitary
• Noradrenaline and adrenaline released
• Part of sympathetic nervous syste,

Question 19

What happens in the Adrenal Glands during long term stress?

Answer 19

• Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids released
• Sodium and water retained
• Blood sugar increases

Question 20

Which sections of the pancreas are responsible for exocrine and endocrine function?

Answer 20

Exocrine - Acini

Endocrine - Islets of Langerhans

Question 21

Describe the cellular structure of the pancreas

Answer 21

Grouped into lobules and lined with cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 22

What is produced by the different cells of the Islets of Langerhans?

Answer 22

Alpha cell - Glucagon
Beta cell - Insulin
G cell - Gastrin

Question 23

What is the function of the Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary?

Answer 23

Hypothalamus - Acts as an interface between the nervous and endocrine system
Anterior Pituitary - Secretes hormones under the influence of the hypothalamic hormones
Posterior Pituitary - Releases 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus