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Body Logistics > Bone Function and Repair > Flashcards

Bone Function and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three categories of bone function

A
  • Mechanical
  • Synthetic (Haemopoiesis)
  • Metabolic (Fat/Mineral Storage)
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2
Q

What are the two types of Ossification?

A

Endochondral - Formation of long bone from cartilage template

Intracellular-Membranous - Formation of bone by clusters of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in centre of the bone

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3
Q

Describe the 3 stages of Intracellular-Membranous Ossification

A
  1. Mesenchymal stem cells aggregate and differentiate into Osteoblasts
  2. Ossification occurs and bone spicules spread and interconnect
  3. Blood vessels get trapped and form Cancellous bone
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4
Q

What does Intracellular-Membranous Ossification produce?

A

Immature bone that can be remodelled into mature bone

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5
Q

Describe the 3 stages of Intra-Membranous Ossification of Flat Bone

A
  1. Mesenchymal Stem Cells > Osteoprogenitor Cells > Osteoblasts
  2. Osteoblasts lay down an Osteoid which mineralises into bone tissue Spicules
  3. Spicules join to form Trabeculae and Lamellae of mature Corticol bone
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6
Q

What is Appositional Growth?

A

Growth accomplished by the addition of new layers to those previously formed

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7
Q

Describe Appositional Growth in Cartilage in terms of Chondrocytes

A
  1. Chondrocytes separate and enlarge
  2. Calcified Cartilage is replaced by bone
  3. Bone is added to Diaphysis
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8
Q

What increases and what stays the same in Appositional Growth?

A
  • Length of bone increases

- Epiphyseal plate remains unchanged

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9
Q

What stages occur in Appositional bone growth?

A
  • Extracellular matrix is ossified
  • Osteoblasts add bone by Appositional Growth
  • Osteoclasts degrade bone round edges
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10
Q

What are the fundamental functional units of compact bone called?

A

Osteons

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11
Q

What 4 structures compose an Osteon and what is their purpose?

A

Osteocytes - Bone forming cells joined by long projections
Haversian/Volkmann’s Canals - Carry arteries, veins, lymph vessels and nerves
Reabsorption Canal - Starting point for remodelling

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12
Q

What is the difference in Osteocyte arrangement between immature and mature bone?

A

Immature - Random arrangement

Mature - Arranged in concentric lamellae of osteons

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13
Q

Does Cancellous bone contain blood vessels?

A

No as it is surrounded by red bone marrow and has spaces which contain bone marrow

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14
Q

What 2 structural features contribute to bone strength?

A
  • Lamellae that can slip past each other to resist force

- Osteons remodel themselves to thicken bone

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15
Q

What are the 4 bone stability factors?

A
  • Osteocyte Activity
  • Osteoblast Activity
  • Osteoclast Activity
  • Nutrition
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16
Q

Name 3 hormones that influence bone stability

A
  • Oestrogen
  • Testosterone
  • Parathyroid Hormone
  • Calcitonin
17
Q

Name 3 vitamins that contribute to bone strength

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D3 - aids calcium absorption
Vitamin C - aids collagen synthesis
Vitamin K/B12 - role in bone protein synthesis

18
Q

State the 7 steps of bone repair

A
  1. Haematoma formation
  2. Tissue Death
  3. Inflammation and Cellular Proliferation - Neutrophils/Osteoclasts
  4. Formation of Granular Tissue - New blood vessels develop
  5. Fibrocartilagenous Callus Formation - Collagen and Hyaline cartilage
  6. Consolidation Callus Formation - Ossification to Cancellous bone
  7. Bone Remodelling - Cancellous Bone > Compact Bone
19
Q

What are the two processes in Bone Remodelling called?

A
  • Cutting Cone

- Closing Cone

20
Q

What happens in the stages of cutting and closing cone?

A

Cutting Cone - Osteoclasts make a wide tunnel in the bone

Closing Cone - Osteoblasts make a smaller tunnel of Corticol bone forming a new Osteon

21
Q

What increases fracture susceptibility?

A

Loss of trabecular bone mass

22
Q

Name 4 clinical conditions associated with bone fragility

A
  • Osteogenesis Imperfecta
  • Rickets
  • Osteomalacia
  • Osteoporosis
  • Achondroplasia
23
Q

What deficiency causes Rickets and what effect does it have?

A
  • Vitamin D deficiency

- Results in poor calcium mobilisation and ineffective mineralisation

24
Q

What is the effect of Rickets?

A

Soft bones which causes bowed legs

25
Q

Name 3 contributing factors of Osteomalacia

A
  • Kidney Disease
  • Stomach/Intestine surgery
  • Drugs
26
Q

Name 2 differences between Type 1 and Type 2 primary Osteoporosis

A

Type 1

  • Post-menopausal
  • Increase in osteoclasts
  • Due to loss of Oestrogen

Type 2

  • Senile
  • Loss of Osteoblast function and incomplete filling of Osteoclast resorption bays
  • Due to Loss of Oestrogen and Androgen
27
Q

What is the effect of Osteoporosis on the spine?

A

Causes vertebral collapse and shortening of the spinal column

28
Q

Name 3 modifiable risk factors of Osteoporosis

A
  • Insufficient calcium intake
  • Exercise
  • Smoking
29
Q

Name 2 causes of Secondary Osteoporosis and what does it affect?

A
  • Drug therapy
  • Metabolic Bone Disease
  • Affects Bone Remodelling
30
Q

Which Bone process does Achondroplasia affect?

A

Endochondrial Ossification meaning long bones cannot lengthen

Body Logistics (22 decks)

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