endocrine system Flashcards
s/s of hypoglycemia
cold, sweaty, pale, weak, confusion
*can be confused for alcohol intoxication
s/s of hyperglycemia
thirsty, have to pee, hungry
types of insulin
rapid, short, intermediate, and long-acting
rapid acting insulin
e.g. Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine
onset: within 15 minutes
peak: 1-2 hours
duration: 3-6 hours
short acting insulin
e.g. Regular
onset: 30-60 min
peak: 2-4 hours
duration: 6-10 hours
intermediate acting
e.g. NPH
onset: 2-4 hours
peak: 4-8 hours
duration: 10-18 hours
long acting
e.g. Glargine, Detemir
onset: 1-2 hours
NO PEAK
duration: up to 24 hours
metabolic syndrome
cluster of diseases that increase pt risk for diabetes
obesity, high triglyceride level, low HDL, hypertension, or fasting blood sugar greater than 5.6
Addison’s disease
– cortisol
s/s of Addison’s disease
tired, weakness, weight loss
Addisonian Crisis
stress, infection, etc. can cause shock
nursing for Addison’s disease
5 S’s (salt + sugar + steroid replacement, support physiological function, search for cause), meds (glucocorticoid therapy)
Cushing’s disease
++ cortisol
s/s of Cushing’s disease
obesity, hirsutism/male features in females
nursing for Cushing’s disease
I/O, daily weights
type I DM
beta cells are destroyed by immune system
diabetic ketoacidosis
fats metabolized for energy –> ketones –> acidosis
BS: 14-28
s/s of diabetic ketoacidosis
Kussmaul’s
respiration/deep, fast breathing, ketones in urine, hyperglycemia
type II DM
resist to insulin
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome /HHNS
BS: >33
cause of HHNS
poor fluid intake
s/s of HHNS
thirsty, need to pee, no ketones in urine
nursing for HHNS
IV NS, when BS 250-300 mg/dL add dextrose
nursing for DKA
IV NS, when BS 250-300 mg/dL add dextrose
Dawn phenomenon
pre-breakfast hyperglycemia due to reduced sensitivity of body to insulin
Somogyi phenomenon
take insulin before bed and wake up with high blood sugar levels because blood sugar lowered too much during sleep
diabetes insipidus
– ADH
s/s of diabetes insipidus
monitor electrolytes, I/O, weight, serum osmolality, urine specific gravity
nursing for diabetes insipidus
+++++++++++ urine, low urine specific gravity
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion/SIADH
++ ADH
s/s of SIADH
fluid overload, weight gain
nursing for SIADH
neuro status, I/O, weight, serum osmolality, and urine specific gravity, restrict fluid intake, meds (diuretics), seizure precautions
hypothyroidism
T4 low, TSH high
s/s of hypothyroidism
tired, weak, intolerance to cold, weight GAIN
myxedema coma
due to persistently low thyroid
nursing for hypothyroidism
meds (levothyroxine)
hyperthyroidism
T3 + T4 high, TSH low
s/s of hyperthyroidism
intolerance to heat, weight loss,
thyroid storm
uncontrolled hyperthyroidism that can lead to coma
s/s of – parathyroid
positive Trousseau’s + Chvostek’s sign: sign of hypocalcemia, muscle cramps
nursing for – parathyroid
meds (calcium gluconate IV, vitamin D to enhance
absorption of Ca)
s/s of ++ parathyroid
muscle weakness, weight loss, hypercalcemia
nursing for ++ parathyroid
meds (calcitonin to to increase Ca
excretion)
causes of hypoglycemia
alcohol
