cardiac Flashcards
types of chest pain
stable, unstable, variant
stable chest pain
with activity, relieved with nitro or rest
unstable chest pain
unpredictable, may or may not be relieved with nitro
variant chest pain
due to coronary artery spasm, may occur at rest
s/s of MI
chest pain, sweating, SOB, anxiety
types of MI
ST and non-STI
s/s of MI for females
tired, indigestion, shoulder/jaw pain
nursing for MI
ABC, VS, ECG, cardiac marker bloodwork, O2, nitro, morphine
PCI
catheter inserted into femoral or radial vein and advanced into the pulmonary artery to see blockage
peripheral arterial disease
atherosclerosis causes decreased blood flow to lower extremities
s/s of peripheral arterial disease
muscle pain, hair loss, decreased
pulses, cool skin, dry skin
coronary artery disease
narrowing of a coronary artery due to
atherosclerosis
s/s of coronary artery disease
chest pain, SOB, fatigue
meds for mechanical valves are
lifetime anticoagulant therapy to avoid clot
pacemaker
provides electrical stimulation to maintain heart rate when pt’s intrinsic pacemaker (SA node) cannot
nursing after pacemaker surgery
monitor bleeding, no cellphone over site, no MRI, microwaves are safe, avoid heavy lifting
types of congestive heart failure
left and right
left sided congestive heart failure
fluid in lungs, SOB, high RR, crackles
right sided congestive heart failure
edema in peripheries, weight gain, JVD
nursing for congestive heart failure
O2, diuretics, I/O, restrict diet, monitor daily weight
mean arterial pressure
average pressure in systemic circulation, SBP + (DBP x 2) /3
normal MAP
60-70
central venous pressure
R ventricular preload
normal central venous pressure
2-8 mmHg
cardiac tamponade
fluid in the pericardium
s/s of cardiac tamponade
pulsus paradoxus: drop in BP by more than 10 mmHg when inspiration, high CVP, JVD, clear lungs, muffled heart sounds, low CO
nursing for cardiac tamponade
IV fluids, pericardiocentesis
s/s of pericarditis
chest pain, fever
how pericarditis diagnosed?
pericardial friction rub, sounds like leather rubbing against leather
where to do pericardial friction rub?
image
ecg of pericarditis
ST elevation in all leads
JVD
neck vein is bulging out
DVT
warm skin, leg pain, swelling
risk factors for DVT
Virchow’s triad
Virchow’s triad
venous stasis: gathering of blood in veins, vein damage. lots of coagulation
nursing for DVT
elevate, don’t put pillow or massage or sit too long, anti embolism stockings, warm compress, meds (antithrombolytics)
nursing for pericarditis
elevate HOB to 30-40, meds (pain, antibiotics), monitor for tamponade
myocarditis
fever, murmur
nursing for myocarditis
O2, meds (pain anti-dysrhythmics, antibiotics)
endocarditis
inflammation of inner lining
s/s of endocarditis
fever, murmur, clubbing
nursing for endocarditis
meds (antibiotics)
causes of clots
venous stasis, hypercoagulability, vein damage, pregnancy, UC, birth control, oral contraceptive use, fractures as stops blood flow
hypertension
normal BP:
SBP 120/80
pre-hypertension: SBP 120-139
DBP 80-89
Stage 1 hypertension:
SBP 140-159
DBP 90-99
Stage 2 hypertension:
SBP > 160
DBP >100
hypertensive crisis:
SBP > 180
DBP > 120
electrical conduction of heart
SA node:
main pacemaker that makes every heartbeat, keeps 60-100 bpm
AV node:
if does not receive electrical conduction from SA node, then makes 40-60 bpm by itself
Bundle of His: has left and right branch in the ventricles,
if does not receive electrical conduction from SA or AV nodes, then makes 20-40 bpm by itself
