Endocrine Pathology - Bikman Flashcards
What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary?
1- at the gland
2- at the gland that stimulates the main gland
3- at the hypothalamus
SIADH
hypersecretion of ADH
symptoms: high urine secretion, bloated,
Diabetes Insipidus
hyposecretion of ADH
symptoms: polyruia or polydipsia
What are the three types of diabetes insipidus?
Neurogenic
Nephrogenic
Psychogenic
What occurs with hyposecretion of oxytocin?
Lack of milk; longer labor
Lack of compassion and bonding
Galactorrhea
Hypersecretion of oxytocin
If you have problems with the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary, what test can you take to determine if it is pituitary or hypothalamic based?
Hypothalamic Factor Stimulation Test
How can you tell where the problem with prolactin is?
Dopamine is secreted by the hypothalamus to stop the production of prolactin. If there isnt enough dopamine, then the problem is in the hypothalamus, but if there is enough dopamine then the problem is in the pituitary
Hypopituitarism
Deficient in FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH
Probably from empty sella turcica or pituitary infarction
Hyperpituitarism
Usually from an adenoma
Treatment: radiation, surgery, hormone treatment
Symptoms: ocular palsies, headaches, visual defects
Hypersecretion of Prolactin
Females: amenhorrea (stop of menstruation), hirutism (hair on face), osteopenia
Males: hypergonadism, decreased libido, manboobs, infertility
Gigantism
Hypersecretion of GH
Pre-pubertal adenoma
Long limbs and tall
Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of GH
Post- pubertal adenoma
Large jaw, bones of hands and feet
Can accumulate cardiac diseases and joint pain
Hyposecretion of GH
Short stature
Increased fat percentage and lower lean muscle
Bones thin and fragile
In younger adults, can lead to depression, poor lactation/immune response, decreased bone mass
Hyperthyroidism/ Thyrotoxicosis
Symptoms: weight loss, heat intolerance, exothalamos, tremors
Causes: Graves, Multinodular goiter, thyroid adenoma
Hypothyroidism
Symptoms: gain weight, cold sensitive, fatigue, hair loss, delayed reflexes, edema, reduced appetite
Acquired causes: Hashimotos, latrogenic, too little iodine
Other causes: Graves, thyroiditis, goiter, adenoma, carcinoma
Treatment: hormone therapy
Cretinism
Hypothyroidism in utero
Short stature, high body fat, poor IQ, slow reflexes, poor coordination of muscle movement
Treatment: thyroid supplements
Why is iodine a critical part of thyroid hormone production?
Thyroid makes T3 and T4 which are composed of iodine
What is the number one cause of hypothyroidism in females?
Hashimotos- autoimmune attack of the thyroid
What is the number one cause of hyperthyroidism in the US?
Graves Disease
Autoimmune diesease that stimulates production of TSH
Triad symptoms: exophthalamos, dermopathy, hyperthyroidism
Treatment: iodine blockers, beta blockers, surgery
Out of the four types of thyroid carcinomas, which is the most prevalent?
Papillary, Medullary, Follicular, Anaplastic
Papillary
“Orphan Annie” tumor
Cushings Disease
Hypersecretion of Cortisol (Adrenal)
Elevated ACTH due to pituitary tumor
Cushing Syndrome
Hypersecretion of Cortisol
High levels of cortisol in plasma
Adrenal tumor
What are symptoms of cushing disease and syndrome?
Moon face and increased weight gain Insulin resistance Osteoporosis Muscle weakness Poor wound healing
Feminization
Hypersecretion of sex hormones in the adrenal gland
Increased estrogen
Virilization
Hypersecretion of androgens in the adrenal gland
Adrenal Medulla Hyperfunction
Catecholemine hypersecretion
Tumor derived from chromaffin cells
Symptoms: Elevated HR, BP, diaphoresis, weight loss, hyperglycemia
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Addisons Disease
Hyposecretion of Adrenal glands
Too little cortisol and minerocorticoids
Autoimmune in orgin
Symptoms: weakness, hypotension, skin hyperpigmentation
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
Hyposecretion of the Adrenal glands
Cause: bacterial infection, adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension/shock
What is MENS?
Genetic Disorder
Endocrine tumors
Usually in younger people
MENS-1
Doesnt usually affect the thyroid
Hyperplasia, Adenoma, and Carcinoma
MEN1 gene mutation
MENS-2
Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma
RET gene mutation
2 different types: A (parathyroid hyperplasia) and B (Marfanoid habitus)
Is it possible to gain weight without insulin?
NO
