Endocrine Part 7: Pancreas Flashcards
What is metabolism?
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
what are the subdivisions of metabolism?
anabolic and catabolic reactions.
What are anabolic reactions?
Anabolic reactions synthesize large molecules from smaller ones.
What are catabolic reactions?
Catabolic reactions break down large molecules into smaller pieces.
What happens during the fed state?
body is absorbing nutrients
using glucose for energy.
What happens during the fasted state?
body breaks down stored molecules for energy
when does the fasted state occur?
3-4 hours after a meal
What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
BMR is the minimum rate of metabolism required to maintain basic bodily functions at rest.
What happens to carbohydrates in the fed state?
glucose is stored as glycogen (glycogenesis)
What happens to fats in the fasted state?
Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids (lipolysis).
What happens to fats in the fed state?
Fatty acids are stored as triglycerides (lipogenesis)
What happens to carbohydrates in the fasted state?
glycogen is broken down into glucose (glycogenolysis)
What is GLUT 2 responsible for?
GLUT 2 transports glucose in the liver, pancreas, intestines, and kidneys, leading to insulin secretion.
What is GLUT 4 responsible for and what is it dependent on?
transports glucose in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and is insulin-dependent
What do beta cells in the pancreas secrete?
insulin
What do alpha cells in the pancreas secrete?
glucagon
What is the relationship between insulin and glucagon-like?
Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic, meaning they have opposite effects on blood sugar regulation.
What is glucose homeostasis?
Glucose homeostasis is the regulation of blood sugar levels within a narrow range.
What happens to insulin and glucagon levels after a meal?
Insulin increases and glucagon decreases
How does insulin trigger glucose uptake?
Insulin binds to its receptor, triggering the movement of GLUT 4 to the plasma membrane for glucose uptake.
How does exercise affect GLUT 4 transporters?
Exercise can move GLUT 4 to the plasma membrane, even without insulin, improving glucose uptake.
What happens in the liver during the fed state?
Insulin activates hexokinase, converting glucose into glucose 6-phosphate for storage.
What is the incretin effect?
increased insulin response to glucose in the intestine compared to intravenous glucose.
What does GIP 1 do?
stimulates insulin release
Where is GIP 1 released from?
by K cells in the small intestine
What does GLP 1 do?
stimulates insulin release
Where is GLP 1 released from?
by L cells in the intestine
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect insulin?
supports insulin secretion
What is glucagon’s overall function?
raise blood glucose levels
how does glucagon work and where does it mainly do its work?
glycogen producing glucose in the liver.
What stimulates glucagon secretion? (3)
Low blood glucose
increased amino acids
sympathetic nervous system
How does glucagon work with cortisol?
Glucagon and cortisol work together to increase blood glucose levels during stress.
What are the two main types of diabetes?
Type 1 and 2
what is Type 1 diabetes caused by?
lack of insulin production
What are some consequences of uncontrolled diabetes? HPPPW
hyperglycemia, polyphagia (extreme hunger), polyuria (excess urination), polydipsia (excess thirst), and weight loss.
What are the complications of uncontrolled diabetes? MHAV
Complications include metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia (too much loss of K in the digestive tract), acidic urine, and increased ventilation.
what is Type 2 diabetes caused by?
insulin resistance or defects in secretion.
