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PSL300H1F - Human Physiology I > Endocrine Part 7: Pancreas > Flashcards

Endocrine Part 7: Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

what are the subdivisions of metabolism?

A

anabolic and catabolic reactions.

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3
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

Anabolic reactions synthesize large molecules from smaller ones.

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4
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

Catabolic reactions break down large molecules into smaller pieces.

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5
Q

What happens during the fed state?

A

body is absorbing nutrients

using glucose for energy.

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6
Q

What happens during the fasted state?

A

body breaks down stored molecules for energy

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7
Q

when does the fasted state occur?

A

3-4 hours after a meal

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8
Q

What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

A

BMR is the minimum rate of metabolism required to maintain basic bodily functions at rest.

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9
Q

What happens to carbohydrates in the fed state?

A

glucose is stored as glycogen (glycogenesis)

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10
Q

What happens to fats in the fasted state?

A

Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids (lipolysis).

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11
Q

What happens to fats in the fed state?

A

Fatty acids are stored as triglycerides (lipogenesis)

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12
Q

What happens to carbohydrates in the fasted state?

A

glycogen is broken down into glucose (glycogenolysis)

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13
Q

What is GLUT 2 responsible for?

A

GLUT 2 transports glucose in the liver, pancreas, intestines, and kidneys, leading to insulin secretion.

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14
Q

What is GLUT 4 responsible for and what is it dependent on?

A

transports glucose in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and is insulin-dependent

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14
Q

What do beta cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

insulin

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15
Q

What do alpha cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

glucagon

16
Q

What is the relationship between insulin and glucagon-like?

A

Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic, meaning they have opposite effects on blood sugar regulation.

17
Q

What is glucose homeostasis?

A

Glucose homeostasis is the regulation of blood sugar levels within a narrow range.

18
Q

What happens to insulin and glucagon levels after a meal?

A

Insulin increases and glucagon decreases

19
Q

How does insulin trigger glucose uptake?

A

Insulin binds to its receptor, triggering the movement of GLUT 4 to the plasma membrane for glucose uptake.

20
Q

How does exercise affect GLUT 4 transporters?

A

Exercise can move GLUT 4 to the plasma membrane, even without insulin, improving glucose uptake.

21
Q

What happens in the liver during the fed state?

A

Insulin activates hexokinase, converting glucose into glucose 6-phosphate for storage.

22
Q

What is the incretin effect?

A

increased insulin response to glucose in the intestine compared to intravenous glucose.

22
Q

What does GIP 1 do?

A

stimulates insulin release

23
Q

Where is GIP 1 released from?

A

by K cells in the small intestine

24
Q

What does GLP 1 do?

A

stimulates insulin release

25
Q

Where is GLP 1 released from?

A

by L cells in the intestine

26
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect insulin?

A

supports insulin secretion

27
Q

What is glucagon’s overall function?

A

raise blood glucose levels

27
Q

how does glucagon work and where does it mainly do its work?

A

glycogen producing glucose in the liver.

28
Q

What stimulates glucagon secretion? (3)

A

Low blood glucose

increased amino acids

sympathetic nervous system

29
Q

How does glucagon work with cortisol?

A

Glucagon and cortisol work together to increase blood glucose levels during stress.

30
Q

What are the two main types of diabetes?

A

Type 1 and 2

31
Q

what is Type 1 diabetes caused by?

A

lack of insulin production

32
Q

What are some consequences of uncontrolled diabetes? HPPPW

A

hyperglycemia, polyphagia (extreme hunger), polyuria (excess urination), polydipsia (excess thirst), and weight loss.

32
Q

What are the complications of uncontrolled diabetes? MHAV

A

Complications include metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia (too much loss of K in the digestive tract), acidic urine, and increased ventilation.

32
Q

what is Type 2 diabetes caused by?

A

insulin resistance or defects in secretion.

PSL300H1F - Human Physiology I (42 decks)

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