Endocrine Part 6 Adrenal

Question 1

where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 1

on the kidneys

Question 2

what two types of embryological tissues is the adrenal made of?

Answer 2

the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.

Question 3

What type of tissue is the adrenal medulla?

Answer 3

neuroendocrine tissue

Question 4

what hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 4

catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

Question 5

what is the role of catecholamines?

Answer 5

responsible for the “fight or flight” response

Question 6

When is epinephrine released?

Answer 6

during stress

Question 7

what are the effects of epinephrine release? (6) HCAGIS

Answer 7

Increased heart rate

stronger contractions

Airway dilation

Glucose and fatty acids are released for energy

Constriction in intestines

relaxation in skeletal muscles

Question 8

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 8

Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis

Question 9

what hormone does the Zona fasciculata produce?

Answer 9

Cortisol

Question 10

what hormone does the Zona Glomerulosa produce?

Answer 10

Aldosterone

Question 10

what is the job of Aldosterone, how does it do this, and what does this lead to?

Answer 10

sodium/potassium regulation by stimulating sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys, leading to water retention

Question 11

what is the function of cortisol?

Answer 11

regulate stress/metabolism

Question 12

what hormone does the Zona Reticularis produce?

Answer 12

Androgens

Question 13

what is the function of Androgens?

Answer 13

reproductive development

Question 14

what are the different types of adrenal steroid hormones?

Answer 14

aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone

Question 15

what substance helps convert cholesterol into steroid hormones?

Answer 15

enzymes

Question 16

how does the EpiPen help during Anaphylactic shock?

Answer 16

EpiPen injects epinephrine to reverse the symptoms

Question 16

What is anaphylactic shock?

Answer 16

a severe allergic reaction

Question 17

what are the symptoms of anaphylactic shock? (2) AB

Answer 17

airway constriction and low blood pressure

Question 18

What are the roles of sex steroids produced by the adrenal gland?

Answer 18

regulate secondary sex characteristics

Question 19

what are secondary sex hormones converted into after menopause?

Answer 19

estrogen

Question 20

what is the function of cortisol?

Answer 20

regulates metabolism, immune response, and stress

Question 21

how does cortisol affect the Liver?

Answer 21

stimulates glucose production

Question 22

how does cortisol affect the Immune system?

Answer 22

Suppresses immunity

Question 22

how does cortisol affect the fat tissue?

Answer 22

Breaks down fat

Question 23

what regulates cortisol?

Answer 23

the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Question 23

how does cortisol affect the muscle?

Answer 23

Breaks down protein

Question 24

how does cortisol affect the bones?

Answer 24

Releases calcium

Question 25

how does the hypothalamic-pituitary axis help produce cortisol?

Answer 25

Hypothalamus: Releases CRH Pituitary: Releases ACTH Adrenal cortex: Releases cortisol

Question 26

What is Addison’s disease and what is it caused by?

Answer 26

adrenal insufficiency caused by autoimmunity or infections

Question 27

how does negative feedback work with cortisol?

Answer 27

High cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH

Question 28

What are the clinical uses of glucocorticoids and how does it do this?

Answer 28

treat inflammatory conditions like eczema and asthma by suppressing the immune response.

Question 29

what are the effects of Addison's disease? (5) AWBHM

Answer 29

damaging the adrenal cortex water loss low blood pressure, hypoglycemia muscle weakness.

Question 30

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 30

syndrome caused by excess cortisol

Question 31

What are the effects of Cushing’s syndrome? (4) HMFM

Answer 31

resulting in hyperglycemia muscle weakness fat buildup in the trunk/face mood changes.

Question 32

explain the levels of production of CRH, ACTH and cortisol if there is a tumour on the anterior pituitary affecting Cushing’s syndrome.

Answer 32

CRH: Low ACTH: High Cortisol: High