Endocrine Part 6 Adrenal Flashcards
where are the adrenal glands located?
on the kidneys
what two types of embryological tissues is the adrenal made of?
the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.
What type of tissue is the adrenal medulla?
neuroendocrine tissue
what hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?
catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
what is the role of catecholamines?
responsible for the “fight or flight” response
When is epinephrine released?
during stress
what are the effects of epinephrine release? (6) HCAGIS
Increased heart rate
stronger contractions
Airway dilation
Glucose and fatty acids are released for energy
Constriction in intestines
relaxation in skeletal muscles
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?
Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis
what hormone does the Zona fasciculata produce?
Cortisol
what hormone does the Zona Glomerulosa produce?
Aldosterone
what is the job of Aldosterone, how does it do this, and what does this lead to?
sodium/potassium regulation by stimulating sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys, leading to water retention
what is the function of cortisol?
regulate stress/metabolism
what hormone does the Zona Reticularis produce?
Androgens
what is the function of Androgens?
reproductive development
what are the different types of adrenal steroid hormones?
aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone
what substance helps convert cholesterol into steroid hormones?
enzymes
how does the EpiPen help during Anaphylactic shock?
EpiPen injects epinephrine to reverse the symptoms
What is anaphylactic shock?
a severe allergic reaction
what are the symptoms of anaphylactic shock? (2) AB
airway constriction and low blood pressure
What are the roles of sex steroids produced by the adrenal gland?
regulate secondary sex characteristics
what are secondary sex hormones converted into after menopause?
estrogen
what is the function of cortisol?
regulates metabolism, immune response, and stress
how does cortisol affect the Liver?
stimulates glucose production
how does cortisol affect the Immune system?
Suppresses immunity
how does cortisol affect the fat tissue?
Breaks down fat
what regulates cortisol?
the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
how does cortisol affect the muscle?
Breaks down protein
how does cortisol affect the bones?
Releases calcium
how does the hypothalamic-pituitary axis help produce cortisol?
Hypothalamus: Releases CRH
Pituitary: Releases ACTH
Adrenal cortex: Releases cortisol
What is Addison’s disease and what is it caused by?
adrenal insufficiency caused by autoimmunity or infections
how does negative feedback work with cortisol?
High cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH
What are the clinical uses of glucocorticoids and how does it do this?
treat inflammatory conditions like eczema and asthma by suppressing the immune response.
what are the effects of Addison’s disease? (5) AWBHM
damaging the adrenal cortex
water loss
low blood pressure,
hypoglycemia
muscle weakness.
What is Cushing’s syndrome?
syndrome caused by excess cortisol
What are the effects of Cushing’s syndrome? (4) HMFM
resulting in hyperglycemia
muscle weakness
fat buildup in the trunk/face
mood changes.
explain the levels of production of CRH, ACTH and cortisol if there is a tumour on the anterior pituitary affecting Cushing’s syndrome.
CRH: Low
ACTH: High
Cortisol: High
