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Anaphy > Endocrine glands > Flashcards

Endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

Facilitates long distance communication

A

Nervous and Endocrine systems

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2
Q

Uses electrical signals

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

Uses hormones

A

Endocrine system

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4
Q

What are hormones?

A
  1. Chemical signaling molecules that travel in blood
  2. Reach most cells of the body
  3. Have widespread effects
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5
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?

A

It regulates:
1. Use of calories and nutrients
2. Secretion of wastes
3. Blood pressure and blood osmolarity
4. Growth
5. Fertility and sex drive
6. Lactation
7. Sleep

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6
Q

Chemical messengers used by endocrine system and most are released into blood

A

Hormones

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7
Q

Hormone that affects neighboring cells

A

Paracrine signaling

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8
Q

Hormone that affects the same cell that released it

A

Autocrine signaling

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9
Q

Hormone that travels through blood to affect cells throughout body

A

Endocrine signaling

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10
Q

Used by neurons and the nervous system

A

Neurotransmitters

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11
Q

Chemical secretions exit glands via?

A

Exocytosis

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12
Q

Endocrine gland secretion releases product into?

A

Bloodstream or extracellular fluid

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13
Q

Exocrine gland secretion releases product into??

A

Duct that carries products to a body surface

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14
Q

Endocrine glands include?

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adrenal
  5. Pineal

Glands

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15
Q

Some have non-endocrine functions

A

Hormones

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16
Q

Do not have a duct for secretion

A

Endocrine Glands

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17
Q

Secretions enter blood or interstitial fluid

A

Endocrine glands

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18
Q

Hormones affect?

A

Target cells

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19
Q

Cells with receptors for that specific hormone

A

Hormone that affect target cells

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20
Q

Other organs that have endocrine functions contain??

A

Cells that have endocrine functions

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21
Q

What are the organs that have endocrine functions?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thymus
  3. Heart
  4. Kidneys
  5. Stomach
  6. Small intestine
  7. Liver
  8. Adipose tissue
  9. Ovaries
  10. Testes
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22
Q

Allow control and communication of the body

A

Nervous and Endocrine systems

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23
Q

Generally faster to make a change

A

Nervous system

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24
Q

Has more widespread effects

A

Endocrine system

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25
Q

Effects generally last longer

A

Endocrine system

26
Q

What are the different types of hormones?

A

Based on chemical structure:
1. Steroid hormones
2. Amine-based hormones
3. Peptide and protein hormones

27
Q

Cross cell membrane easily; lipid-based hormones

A

Steroid Hormones

28
Q

Modified amino acids; water soluble; cannot cross cell membranes

A

Amine-based hormones

29
Q

Made from chains of amino acids; water soluble; cannot cross cell membranes

A

Peptide and protein hormones

30
Q

Produced from cholesterol molecules

A

Steroid hormones

31
Q

Examples of steroid hormones are

A

Testosterone and estrogen

32
Q

Steroid hormones require ____ to travel in ____.

A

Transport proteins; blood

33
Q

Do not require transport protein to travel in blood

A

Amine hormones and Peptide and Protein Hormones

34
Q

What are examples of Amine hormones?

A

Melatonin, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine

35
Q

What are the examples of peptide and protein hormones?

A

Antidiuretic hormone and insulin

36
Q

Made on demand by modifying cholesterol molecules

A

Steroid hormones

37
Q

Cannot be stored; not soluble in blood

A

Steroid hormones

38
Q

Travel bound to transport proteins when in blood

A

Steroid hormones

39
Q

Translated like other proteins; modified and stored in vesicles until release; soluble in blood; travel in a free state

A

Peptide hormones

40
Q

Receptors can be ____ or on the ______.

A

Intracellular; cell surface

41
Q

Are usually intracellular (cytosol or nuclear)

A

Lipid-soluble hormone receptors

42
Q

Why are lipid-soluble hormone receptors intracellular?

A

Because lipid-soluble hormones can pass through cell membrane

43
Q

Are usually on surface of cell

A

Water-soluble hormone receptors

44
Q

Why are water-soluble hormone receptors on the cell surface?

A

Because they are usually unable to cross cell membrane

45
Q

Associated with steroid and thyroid hormones

A

Intracellular hormone receptors

46
Q

Intracellular hormone receptors results in

A

Increased transcription and increased protein synthesis

47
Q

Associated with water-soluble hormones; peptide and amine hormones

A

Membrane-bound hormone receptors

48
Q

Hormone serves as first messenger in the pathway

A

Membrane-bound hormone receptors

49
Q

A/an ____relays message inside the cell

A

Intracellular second messenger

50
Q

Second messenger system

A
  1. Hormone binds to receptor in cell membrane
  2. G protein is activated
  3. G protein activates adenylyl cyclase
  4. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
  6. Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins
  7. Phosphorylated proteins cause change
51
Q

______ allows a small amount of hormone to cause significant change

A

Amplification

52
Q

_______ breaks down ______ that quickly stops internal cellular changes

A

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) ; cAMP

53
Q

Other second messenger systems may use ______ as a second messenger

A

Calcium ions

54
Q

Decrease in receptor number

A

Downregulation

55
Q

Increase in receptor number

A

Upregulation

56
Q

Occurs when hormone level is chronically higher

A

Downregulation

57
Q

Occurs when hormone levels are chronically low

A

Upregulation

58
Q

Cells become more sensitive to hormone

A

Upregulation

59
Q

Cells become less sensitive to hormone

A

Downregulation

60
Q
A

Anaphy (9 decks)

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