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Anaphy > ANAPHY FINALS ENDO > Flashcards

ANAPHY FINALS ENDO Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical messengers used by endocrine system

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Most are released into blood

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Types of chemical signaling

A

Paracrince signaling
Autocrine signaling
Endocrine signaling

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4
Q

Used by neurons and the nervous system

A

Neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Hormone affects neighboring cells

A

Paracrine signaling

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6
Q

Hormone affects same cell that released it

A

Autocrine signaling

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7
Q

Hormone travels through blood to affect cells throughout body

A

Endocrine signaling

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8
Q

What is the second messenger system?

A
  1. Hormone binds to receptor in cell membrane
  2. G protein is activated
  3. G protein activates adenylyl cyclase
  4. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
  6. Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins
  7. Phospholyrated proteins cause change
  8. Amplification allows a small amount of hormone to cause significant change
  9. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) breaks down cAMP [Quickly stops internal cellular changes]

To note: other second messenger systems may use calcium ions as a second messenger systems

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9
Q

Released in response to high blood osmolarity [the solute concentration of blood]

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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10
Q

How does antidiuretic hormone conserve body fluid?

A

By increasing water reabsorption by kidney

Urine becomes darker

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11
Q

Can also cause constriction of blood vessels

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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12
Q

Leads to overall increase in pressure

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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13
Q

Antidiuretic hormone’s release is inhibited by?

A

Drugs like alcohol

Higher amounts of urine is produced

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14
Q

Growth hormone promotes growth of epiphyseal plate during childhood leads to:

A

Elongation of bones

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15
Q

Decreased stature due to decreased secretion of GH during childhood

A

Pituitary dwarfism

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16
Q

Substantially increased height due to excessive GH secretion during childhood

A

Gigantism

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17
Q

Excessive GH secretion during adulthood
Cause increased growth of cartilage leading to larger hands, feet, and ears
May cause cardiovascular complications due to diabetogenic effect

A

Acromegaly

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18
Q

The thyroid gland is located—

A

Anterior to Trachea
Inferior to larynx

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19
Q

The thyroid gland has two lobes connected by—-

A

Isthmus

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20
Q

Spherical units of thyroid [internal cavity filled with colloid]

A

Thyroid follicles

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21
Q

Thyroid hormone (TH) made by—

A

Follicular cells

It is stimulated TSH from anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

Follicular cells bind iodine to ____ in colloid

A

Thyroglobulin proteins

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23
Q

Intermediaris are combined to form—

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (tetraiodothyronine)

T4 is commonly known as thyroxine

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24
Q

This remains in colloid until needed

A

Hormones

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25
Q

It stimulates release of T3 and T4 from follicular cells when necessary

A

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

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26
Q

It regulates TH secretion

A

Negative feedback

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27
Q

Low levels of TH stimulates—

A

TRH release from hypothalamus

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28
Q

It stimulates release of TSH from anterior pituitary

A

TRH

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29
Q

It stimulates release of TH from thyroid gland

A

TSH

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30
Q

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

A
  1. Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) —causing every cell to increase production of ATP
  2. Promote protein synthesis
  3. Increase effectiveness of epinephrine and norepinephrine
  4. Increase body temperature—by the heat given off by due to ATP production
  5. Required for adequate growth and development of skeletal and nervous tissue in childhood
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31
Q

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

A
  1. Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) —causing every cell to increase production of ATP
  2. Promote protein synthesis
  3. Increase effectiveness of epinephrine and norepinephrine
  4. Increase body temperature—by the heat given off by due to ATP production
  5. Required for adequate growth and development of skeletal and nervous tissue in childhood
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32
Q

Enlarged thyroid ; caused by accumulation of colloid

A

Goiter

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33
Q

Insufficient production of thyroid hormones ; may lead to weight gain and cold intolerance

A

Hypothyroidism

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34
Q

Excessive production of thyroid hormones ; may lead to weight loss and increased body temperature

A

Hyperthyroidism

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35
Q

Secreted by parafollicular cells and secreted in response to elevated blood calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

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36
Q

Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by

A
  1. Inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity
  2. Decreases calcium absorption by the intestine
  3. Increases calcium loss in urine
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37
Q

It plays a role in many biological processes

A

Calcium

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38
Q

It’s regulated by hormones

A

Levels

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39
Q

Calcitonin from thyroid and parathyroid hormone from parathyroid glands work—

A

Antagonistically to regulate calcium levels

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40
Q

Located on the posterior of thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid glands

41
Q

The function of this is unknown

A

Oxyphil cells

42
Q

It secretes parathyroid hormones

A

Chief cells

43
Q

It’s secreted in response to low calcium levels and it increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast that breakdown bone matrix releasing calcium

A

Chief cells

44
Q

It inhibits osteoblast and stimulate calcitriol production to increase absorption of dietary calcium

A

Parathyroid glands

45
Q

Excessive secretion of PTH leads to excessive bone resorption and leads to increased blood levels of calcium
-decreased bone density, leading to increased fractures
-reduced responsiveness of nervous system
-increased calcium deposits in tissues and organs

A

Hyperparathyroidism

46
Q

Insufficient production or secretion of PTH
- leads to low blood levels of calcium, causing muscle twitching, cramping, convulsions, or paralysis

A

Hypoparathyroidism

47
Q

It has triangular glands on top of each kidney and is covered by capsule

A

Adrenal Glands

48
Q

The adrenal glands is divided into two

A

Adrenal cortex (superficially) and Adrenal medulla (deeper)

49
Q

Adrenal cortex has three zones

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

50
Q

Most superficial region of adrenal cortex and secretes mineralcorticoid

A

Zona glomerulosa

51
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid of Zona glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

52
Q

It increases sodium and water reabsorption by kidney and increases blood pressure

A

Aldosterone

53
Q

It is involved in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

A

Zona glumerulosa

54
Q

Intermediate region of adrenal cortex and secretes glucocorticoids

A

Zona fasciculata

55
Q

The main glucocorticoids of zona fasciculata

A

Cortisol

56
Q

It is released in response to stress, and the release is stimulated by ACTH ; suppresses immune system

A

Cortisol

57
Q

Cortisol stimulates breakdown of stored nutrients for energy by (3)

A

Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Gluconeogenesis

58
Q

Deepest region of adrenal cortex and secretes androgens

A

Zona reticularis

59
Q

Androgens are

A

Male sex hormones

60
Q

The main androgen secreted is—

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

61
Q

Supplements testosterone in males and promotes libido in women

A

Zona reticularis

62
Q

The ______ releases epinephrine and norepinephrine—which are collectively called _______

A

Adrenal medulla ; catecholamines

63
Q

Catecholamines are produced by—

A

Chromaffin cells

64
Q

These are considered hormones when released into blood and considered neurotransmitters when they are released into synapse

A

Catecholamines

65
Q

It releases results in fight or flight response in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Adrenal medulla

66
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol
Results in hyperglycemia and lipid deposits around face and neck
Moon-shaped face, buffalo hump, rapid weight gains
In risk of type 2 diabetes

A

Cushing’s disease

67
Q

Hyposecretion of cortisol
Results in hypoglycemia and low blood levels of sodium (hyponatremia)

A

Addison’s disease

68
Q

It is located within abdomen posterior to stomach and has both endocrine and exocrine glands

A

The pancreas

69
Q

Exocrine function (in the pancreas) is—

A

To secrete digestive enzymes

70
Q

What are the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets:

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
PP cells

71
Q

Secretes glucagon

A

Alpha cells

72
Q

Secretes insulin

A

Beta cells

73
Q

Secretes somatostatin

A

Delta cells

74
Q

Secretes pancreatic polypeptide

A

PP cells

75
Q

Insulin lowers blood glucose by

A

Stimulating uptake cells
Glycogenesis
Lipogenesis

76
Q

Glucagon increases blood glucose by

A

Glucogenolysis
Lipolysis
Gluconeogenesis

77
Q

Stimulates glucose uptake in cells and primary target cells include skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes

A

Insulin

78
Q

Binding of insulin leads to—

A

Increased number of glucose transporters (GLUT) in membrane of target cells

79
Q

Located within mediastinum, superior to heart and is the site of T lymphocyte maturation within the immune system

A

The Thymus

80
Q

It is more active in childhood and decreases in size with age

A

T lymphocyte

81
Q

What does the thymus secrete that aids in development and differentiation of T lymphocytes

A

Thymosins

82
Q

It secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

Heart

83
Q

The two functions of ANP

A

Decreases blood pressure in response to increased blood volume or increased blood pressure

Increases sodium and water loss by the kidneys (via urine) to decrease blood volume and blood pressure

84
Q

The Gastrointestinal tract has

A

Endocrine cells located in walls of stomach and small intestine

It has hormones that aids in digestion

85
Q

It stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid by stomach

A

Gastrin

86
Q

Other hormones (in the gastrointestinal tract) aid in regulation of

A

Glucose metabolism

87
Q

Produces renin that is involved in the renin-angiostenin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

A

The Kidney

88
Q

Secretes calcitriol that aids in regulation of calcium homeostasis

A

Kidneys

89
Q

The kidney produces ____ that stimulates the production of red blood cells

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

90
Q

Hormones found in the adipose tissue are called _____ and are involved in metabolism and nutrient storage

A

Adipokines

91
Q

The adipose tissue secretes the hormone _____ that helps reduce appetite and binds to neurons within brain to cause the feeling of satiety after a meal

A

Leptin

92
Q

The adipose tissue secretes the hormone ______ that reduces cellular insulin resistance

A

Adiponectin

93
Q

Is involved in production of vitamin D

A

Skin

94
Q

Why does the skin absorb UV radiation? It is converted by?

A

To convert cholesterol into inactive vitamin D

Liver and kidneys

95
Q

It is involved in absorption of dietary calcium and immune functions

A

Active vitamin D

96
Q

The _____ secretes insulin-like growth factor (IGF) in response to GH

A

Liver

97
Q

The liver produces ______ , a precursor to the angiostenin, a hormone involved in increasing blood pressure

A

Angiotensinogen

98
Q

The liver secretes ______ , a hormone that stimulates platelet production

A

Thrombopoietin

99
Q

The liver secretes _____ that regulates iron levels

A

Hepcidins

Anaphy (9 decks)

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